Sometimes a thought comes in but it seems true. Russian language

Option 13

Read the text and complete tasks 1-3

(1) Napoleon was very fond of reading, which was rather unusual for a military man. (2) In each residence, he had a library made up of the same books, and (... ...) the emperor could continue reading any book, moving from place to place. (3) He became addicted to reading as a child, at a military school: his relationship with his peers did not work out, and his books allowed him to forget about loneliness and everyday troubles.

1. Indicate two sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text is correctly transmitted. Record the numbers of these sentences.

1) Napoleon often spent time reading books in one of his residences.

2) In each residence, Napoleon had a library composed of different books.

3) From childhood, Napoleon became addicted to reading, which replaced his communication with peers, so the emperor had the same library in each residence.

2. Which of the following words (word combinations) should be at the place of the pass in secondoffer? Write out this word.

Therefore also since

Mostly of course

3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry that describes the meaning of the word LIBRARY. Identify the meaning in which this word is used in sentence 2. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

Library,  -and, w.

1 . An institution collecting and storing print and writing works for public use, as well as carrying out reference and bibliographic work. Children's library.

2 . A collection of books, prints, as well as the room where they are stored. Library of the scientist. home library.

3 . The name of a series of books, united thematically or by purpose, genre. Travel library.

4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the statement of the stress: the letter designating the percussion sound is incorrectly selected. Write out this word.

burst in

sIGNIFICANCE

5. In one of the sentences below WRONGthe highlighted word is used. Correct the lexical error by selecting to the highlighted word paronym. Write down the matched word.

Experts REDUCE points for spelling errors.

DIFFICULT question, I have no answer to it.

A pleasant SOUND and very persistent baritone was heard from the box number 2.

From afar came the malicious barking.

The exhibition featured wonderful artworks from ART bone cutters.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly

young ACCOUNTANTS WITH THEIR WORK

for thirty-five minutes of ladies slippers

no comments

7. Match  between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

8. Identify the word that omits the unstressed verified vowel root. Write this word by inserting a missing letter

to .. commentary

grind .. grind to .. bumming

9. Define a rowin which the same letter is missing in the prefix in both words. Write these words by inserting the missing letter.

P ... come, n ... play

and ... distort, be ... lifelong

pr .. flattering, pr .. encourage

pan..slamism previous ..

by ... write, preference ...

10. Write out the word E.

step ... you mock ... you

haricot..you starched..to be honored..to

11. Write out the wordin which the letter is written at the place of the pass E.

delayed .. you’re moving .. my attack .. my

look .. you, please .. you

12. Define the offer, in which NOT  with the word is written in solid. Open the brackets and write this word

Keys are still (not) found.

The sun is beating - already (not) than to breathe.

Serezha (not) in a hurry turned the page.

There was (not) a month in the sky, and the stars shone brightly.

Before the New Year (not) more than a week.

13. Define the offerin which both highlighted words are written INTEGRATED. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

And (SO), the lyrical hero of Pasternak feels that love helps to overcome the vanity and vulgarity of the world, and (ON) TOMU recalls the spark of love that once went out with regret.

(B) For twenty years I traveled to Russia in all directions, but I did NOT find ANY (SAME) better place than my fatherland.

Based on the idea of \u200b\u200bpredestination, it is possible (ON) FRONT to justify any act of a person, HOW MUCH (SHOULD) be repulsive or criminal, he did not seem to us.

Now Chatsky YES (SAME) has nothing to talk about with Sophia, but EVERYTHING (EQUAL) he loves her.

Patients are waiting for these drugs, (ON) THIS IT needs to work faster than ever, collected,

WHAT (S) does not bother us.

14. Indicate all numberson the place of which is written NN.

In the first paintings of I.N. Nikitin was somewhat simpler (1) awn: figures are ignored (2) from the darkness of the indefinite (3) space by a ray of bright light and exist outside of communication with the environment.

15. Place punctuation marks.Indicate two sentences in which you want to put ONEcomma. Record the numbers of these sentences.

1) The Cossack wanted to jump on his horse and race off, but only waved his hand.

2) The biography of Andrei Rublev is restored from extremely scarce and fragmentary information from chronicles and hagiographic texts.

3) Grandfather Eremei dreamed of returning to his village and weaving baskets there to the delight of his grandchildren.

4) She lived with her father and mother, either in Good Sloboda or in Razgulyay or in Kuznetsk.

5) Mountain ash is beautiful in spring and autumn.

16. Place punctuation marks:

Ippolit Matveevich (1) wallowing in shame (2) stood under acacia and (3) not looking at the people walking (4) he repeated three memorized phrases.

17. Place punctuation marks:indicate all the numbers where commas should appear in sentences.

Sometimes a thought will come which (1) seems (2) true, but you are afraid to believe it. However, then you see that the thought, which (3) may be (4) and strange, is in fact the simplest truth: once you know it, you can no longer stop believing in it.

18. Place punctuation marks:indicate all the numbers where commas should appear in the sentence.

Gross domestic product is that indicator (1) based on (2) which is the division of countries (3) into developed and developing.

19. Place punctuation marks: Indicate all numbers in which place in the sentence should be commas.

A belated lightning flashed directly overhead (1) and (2) while it was shining (3) I saw (4) some white dot on the shore flickering.

Read the text and complete tasks 20-25

(1) Shrub and light forest. (2) Creepy pre-evening silence. (3) Silent thickets. (4) A large flock of forty rose in one, another place. (5) According to this feast, forty and a raven were found in the forest of dead moose and birds. (6) What happened?

(7) Recently, an airplane flew over these places and sprayed the forest with chemical fluid. (8) It was planned to expand the area of \u200b\u200bmeadows. (9) It was estimated that it is more expensive to uproot a living forest than to poison it from an airplane, and then uproot it. (10) The business is not new, it is attractively cheap and therefore it is considered progressive and profitable. (11) Undoubtedly, there are significant advantages in this matter. (12) But there are also very big disadvantages. (13) They are not always noticed. (14) But here twenty-seven moose died, black grouse, small birds that saved the surrounding fields and the forest from pests were killed. (15) Insects die, many of which are our friends. (16) What accountant will undertake now to calculate the benefits of the operation ?! (17) And that is not all. (18) Thousands of people in a big city go to the forest. (19) The singing of birds, every manifestation of life, is the joy of these walks. (20) A meeting with a large beast is sometimes remembered by a person for life. (21) Count how many people twenty-seven moose will not meet. (22) What bookkeeping measures this loss?

(23) Well, there was no man who could foresee the trouble? (24) Quite the opposite. (25) The relevant institutions were bombarded with letters. (26) And there is a judgment. “(27) We have a plan. (28) And why did they make a fuss? (29) The substance is completely safe. (30) Nothing will happen to your beast. ”

(31) Responsible officials now look with holy eyes on those who sounded the alarm:

(32) - We? (33) Moose died from something else. (34) We have instructions. (35) Here, read: “This substance is toxic to humans and animals. (36) If you are not careful, there may be poisoning, and the quality of milk in cows may also decrease ... ”(37) You see, the quality of milk ... (38) Not a word about moose ...

(39) - But you could guess about it. (40) They warned ...

(41) - We are according to the instructions ...

(42) That's the whole conversation.

(43) ... In a matter where nature and chemistry converge, we must be guided by Caution, Wisdom, Love for our mother earth, the living that adorns life and makes a person happy. (44) We must not forget in any case the most important thing - human health, we must not neglect the happiness of hearing the birds singing, seeing flowers on the road, a butterfly on the windowsill and the beast in the forest ...

(According to V. Peskov *)

* Vasily Mikhailovich Peskov (born in 1930) - a modern essay writer, journalist, traveler.

20.   In which sentence is the conclusion reached by the author of the text?

1) 14 2) 20 3) 33 4)43

21 . Which of the following is false?

1) Sentences 1 to 3 contain a description.

2) Proposition 7 contains an answer to the question posed in proposal 6.

3) Sentences 10-16 present reasoning.

4) Proposals 43–44 present the narrative.

22 . In which sentence of the text is phraseology used?

1) 16 2) 23 3) 30 4) 31

23 . Among sentences 7 to 15, find one that is related to the previous one using a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing assignments 20 – 23. This fragment examines the language features of the text.

Some terms used in the review are omitted. Insert the numbers corresponding to the term number from the list at the places of admissions (A, B, C, D). Write the corresponding number in the table under each letter. Write down the sequence of numbers in the RESPONSE FORM No. 1 to the right of task number 24, starting with the first cell, without spaces, commas, or other additional characters.

Write each digit in accordance with the samples given in the form

24. “The famous journalist V. Peskov talks about how moose and birds were poisoned. Trop - A __________ (“creepy ... silence”) - and a syntactic tool - B __________ (sentences 16, 22) - help to express the author’s attitude to the death of animals in which people are to blame. At the same time, the journalist notes that there are those who are not indifferent to the state of forests, who seek to protect nature. The author also uses the lexical tool - In __________ (in sentences 11–12) and such a technique as Г __________ (sentences 23–25). ”

List of terms:

1) litota 2) epithet 3) lexical repetition

4) phraseology 5) antonyms 6) homogeneous sentence members

7) dialectisms 8) rhetorical question 9) question-answer form of presentation

Part 2

Write an essay on the text you have read.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).

Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argument your answer, relying primarily on reader experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without reliance on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a retransmitted or completely rewritten source text without any comments whatsoever, then such work is rated zero points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Answers to the option

OPTION 18 Unified State Examination 2015

Part 1

The answers to exercises 1-24 are a number, a word, a phrase, or sequence of words, numbers . Write the answer in the answer field in the text of the work, and then transfer

in the RESPONSE FORM No. 1 to the right of the task number, starting from the first cell,   Write each letter and number in a separate cell in accordance with the samples given in the form.

Read the text and complete tasks 1-3.

(1) All substances that we meet in the world around us are either liquid, or solid, or gaseous. (2)<...>  states of substances are called their aggregate states. (3) Many substances, when cooled or heated, can be transferred from one state of aggregation to another, and at the same time they unexpectedly acquire completely different properties.

1.   Which of the following sentences is correctly transmitted  HOME   information contained in the text?

1) Each substance is represented in one of the aggregate states - liquid, solid or gaseous - and at the same time has certain unchanged properties.

2) When cooling or heating, many substances change their state of aggregation - liquid, solid or gaseous, acquiring completely different properties.

3) Many substances unexpectedly acquire new properties when cooled.

4) All the substances that we meet in the world around us are liquid, or solid, or gaseous.

5) Under the influence of cooling or heating, the aggregate state and properties of many substances change.

2. Which of the following words (word combinations) should stand in the place of the omission in the second (2) sentence of the text? Write out this word (combination of words).

Conversely, Others Even These Contrary to this,

Answer:_______________________________________

3 . Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that describes the meaning of the word WORLD. Identify the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

WORLD , -mn. s, m

1) The totality of all forms of matter in terrestrial and outer space, the Universe.The origin of the world.

2) units . The globe, the earth, as well as people, the population of the globe.Go around the entire metro station. First in the world. World champion. M. cramped (about unexpectedly discovered common acquaintances, relationships; book.).

3) United for some. featured human society, social environment, system.Antique m. Scientific m.

4) A separate area of \u200b\u200blife, phenomena, objects.M. animals, plants. M. sounds. Inner man. M. hobbies.

5) units ( proposal   in the world). Secular life, in contrast. monastic life, church.

6) ( proposal   on the world). The rural community with its members (obsolete.). With the world on a thread - a naked shirt (last).

Answer:_______________________________________

4. One of the words below made a mistake in the statement of stress:WRONG   The letter designating the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word.

lITERAL BEGINNING BECOME ENJOYED

Answer:_______________________________________

5.   In one of the suggestions belowWRONG   the highlighted word is used.Correct the mistake   and spell the word correctly.

In order for a person who speaks a foreign language to learn how to communicate freely with native speakers of that language, he needs to overcome the LANGUAGE barrier.

It is not necessary to DOWN the merit of the coach in the victory of his pupils - young football players - in a match with a more experienced opponent.

Information on the AVAILABILITY of seats on a long-distance train and the cost of train tickets can be found no earlier than 45 days before the date of departure.

At the beginning of the 18th century, with the development of parkland and landscape dendrology in France, hedges were widely used.

Craftsmanship grows out of LONG monitoring of the work of a professional.

Answer:_______________________________________

6.   One of the words highlighted below made a mistake in the formation of the word form.Correct the mistake   and spell the word correctly.

ENGINEERS MOST RELEVANT TRAIN TO CITY

THEIR books a pair of SOCKS

Answer:_______________________________________

7. Establish a correspondence between sentences and grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

OFFERS

A) Determining the meaning of incomprehensible words, doubts seized me.

B) In Paustovsky’s short story “Squeaky Floorboards” it is said about the role of Russian nature in the life and work of the great composer P.I. Tchaikovsky.

C) Among the houses built on this street, there were several multi-storey buildings.

D) Those who do not study a foreign language are deprived of the opportunity to read masterpieces of world literature in the original.

E) Scientists said that "we impregnate ancient manuscripts with an organic solution with the addition of antioxidants that could stop the process of paper disintegration."

Answer:

A

8. Define a word that omits an unstressed verified vowel root. Write this word by inserting the missing letter.

ex..menator excitement .. earlier av ..ngard fil..rmonia morning..mate

Answer:_______________________________________

9. Define a series in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words by inserting the missing letter.

n .. write, with .. consent of RA .. rely on, action ..

pr .. educate, pr .. sew under .. play, super .. interesting

pr .. open, pr .. follow

Answer:_______________________________________

10. E .

perestroika .. vat magni .. the first unpretentious .. the fourth smiles .. the last insistent

Answer:_______________________________________

11.   Write down the word in which the letter is written at the place of the passAND .

abandoned ..n’t a disturbing..n’t fry..you notice ..nny rash..you

Answer:_______________________________________

12.   Define a sentence in which  NOT   spelled with the wordINTEGRATED . Open the brackets and write out this word.

This house is (NOT) BIG, but very cozy.

I DON'T (OH) WHAT to talk to you about.

The computer is (NOT) connected to the network.

The dying garden and the already (NOT) FINISHED love are two internally related themes of the play.

The electric train (NOT) STOPPED on the platform of Perovo.

Answer:_______________________________________

13.   Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are written  INTEGRATED . Open the brackets and write out these two words.

(I) SO, the lyrical hero of Pasternak feels that love helps to overcome vanity and vulgarity, and (ON) TOMU recalls the spark of love that once went out with regret.

(B) For twenty years I traveled to Russia in all directions, but I did not find ANYTHING SAME a better place than my fatherland.

Based on the idea of \u200b\u200bpredestination, it is possible (ON) FRONT to justify any human act, HOW MUCH (SHOULD) be repulsive or criminal, it does not seem to us.

Now Chatsky YES (SAME) has nothing to talk about with Sophia, but EVERYTHING (EQUAL) he loves her.

(I) SO continued (B) FOR many years.

Answer:_______________________________________

14. Indicate all numbers in the place of which is writtenNN.

Why do skates made (1) of any material glide only on the ice (2) of the surface and perfect (3) do not glide on the smooth cage (4) of the floor.

Answer:_______________________________________

15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of offers in which you want to putONE   comma.

1) The caravel had three masts with direct and oblique sails and could move in the right direction even with a headwind.

2) The yellowish or pinkish petals of this plant grow one at a time or in pairs.

3) Bright poppies and delicate tulips and shaggy nails were planted on the flowerbed.

4) Representatives of the intelligentsia have always strived for semantic accuracy and expressiveness of speech, they fought against distortion and clogging of their native language.

5) Work clothes and rubber boots were folded in the corner of the room.

Answer:_______________________________________

16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers where commas should appear in the sentence.

I saw all around one vast sea of \u200b\u200bazure (1) all covered with small ripples of gold scales, and above my head there was the same vast, same azure sky - and triumphant (3) and (like) laughing (4) the gentle sun was rolling over it.

Answer:_______________________________________

17. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers where commas should appear in sentences.

Sometimes a thought will come which (1) seems (2) true, but you are afraid to believe it. But then you see that that thought, which (3) may be (4) and strange, is in fact the simplest truth: once you know it, you can no longer stop believing in it.

Answer:_______________________________________

18. Place punctuation marks

For a long time, whales (1) observed (2) which (3) were previously few (4) were considered fish.

Answer:_______________________________________

19. Place punctuation marks : Indicate all numbers in which place in the sentence should be commas.

The sister did not answer (1) and (2) in order to distract from her unpleasant conversation (3) she went to the bird cage and began to absent-mindedly pour grain into the feeders (4) although they were already full.

Answer:_______________________________________

Read the text and complete tasks 20 - 25.

(1) The old village with its thousand-year history goes into oblivion today. (2) And this means - centuries-old foundations are collapsing, the centuries-old soil on which our entire national culture grew: its ethics and aesthetics, its folklore and literature, its miracle - language. (3) The village is our source, our roots. (4) The village is the mother's bosom where our national character was born.

(5) And today, when the old village is living out its last days, we peer with new, special, keen attention at the type of person that she created, peer at our mothers and fathers, grandfathers and grandmothers.

(6) Oh, a little good word fell on them! (7) But it is precisely on them, on the shoulders of these nameless toilers and warriors, that the building of our whole life today stands firmly!

(8) Let us recall, for example, only one feat of a Russian woman in the past war. (9) After all, it was she, a Russian woman, who with her superhuman work in the forty-first year opened the second front, which the Soviet Army so craved. (10) And how, by what measure, to measure the feat of the same Russian woman in the post-war period, in those times when she, often very hungry, undressed and bloated, fed and dressed the country, with true patience and resignation of the Russian peasant woman carried the heavy cross of the widow- soldiers, mothers of the sons who died in the war!

(11) So what is surprising that the old peasant woman in our literature temporarily suppressed, and sometimes overshadowed other characters? (12) Let us recall the Matryonin Dvor by A. Solzhenitsyn, The Deadline by V. Rasputin, the heroines V. Shukshin, A. Astafiev and V. Belov. (13) No, this is not idealization of village life and not longing for leaving Russia, as some critics and writers broadcast with thoughtless ease and arrogance, but our filial, albeit belated thanks.

(14) This is the desire to comprehend and maintain the spiritual experience of the older generation, the moral potential, the moral forces that did not allow Russia to fall into the years of the most difficult trials.

(15) Yes, these heroines are dark and illiterate, yes, naive and too gullible, but what spiritual placers, what spiritual light! (16) Endless selflessness, a heightened Russian conscience and sense of duty, the ability to self-restraint and compassion, love for work, for the earth and for all living things - you can’t list everything.

(17) Unfortunately, a modern young man, brought up in other, more favorable conditions, does not always inherit these vital qualities. (18) And one of the main tasks of modern literature is to warn young people from the danger of spiritual contouring, to help them assimilate and enrich the spiritual baggage accumulated by previous generations.

(19) Recently, we have been talking a lot about preserving the natural environment and monuments of material culture. (20) Is it not time to raise the same energy and pressure to preserve and protect the enduring values \u200b\u200bof the spiritual culture accumulated by centuries of folk experience ...

(According to F. Abramov *)

* Fedor Alexandrovich Abramov   (1920-1983) - Russian writer, literary critic, publicist; one of the most prominent representatives of "village prose" - a significant direction of Soviet literature of the 1960-1980s.

20.   Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify response numbers.

1) The old village will soon cease to exist.

2) The well-being of current generations has become possible thanks to the millions of nameless laborers and warriors - our ancestors.

3) The writers' works on the Russian countryside are imbued with longing for the departing hackneyed Rus.

4) It is necessary to preserve and protect the enduring values \u200b\u200bof the spiritual culture of our people.

5) Modern literature should entertain, create the conditions for a good rest after work.

Answer:_______________________________________

21.   Which of the following statements are true? Specify response numbers.

1) Proposition 2 explains the content of sentence 1.

2) Proposals 8-10 contain an illustration of the statement in Proposition 7.

3) Proposals 11-13 contain a narrative.

4) Proposals 15-16 present the narrative.

5) Sentences 19–20 present reasoning.

Answer:_______________________________________

22.   From sentences 3-6 write down antonyms (antonymic pair).

Answer:_______________________________________

23.   Among sentences 10–13, find one that is related to the previous one with the help of a demonstrative pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

Answer:_______________________________________

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing assignments 20 – 23.

This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are omitted. Insert the numbers corresponding to the term number from the list at the places of admissions (A, B, C, D). Write the corresponding number in the table under each letter.

Write down the sequence of numbers in the RESPONSE FORM No. 1 to the right of task number 24, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas or other additional characters.

Write each number in accordance with the samples given in the form.

24. " The author is not indifferent to the fate of the Russian village, so his reasoning is deeply emotional. Emotionality is given to the text by syntactic means of expressiveness: (A) ___________ (sentences 6-7) and (B) _________ (proposal 11), as well as the technique - (C) _________ (sentences 3-4). Speaking about the spiritual sphere, F. Abramov uses such a path as (D) ___________ (for example, in Proposition 18). ”

List of terms:

1) litota

2) phraseology

3) book words

4) anaphora

5) metaphor

6) exclamatory sentences

7) parcel

8) rhetorical question

9) question-answer form of presentation

Answer:

A

Part 2

25. Write an essay on the text you have read.

Articulate   and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).

Articulate position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argument your opinion, relying primarily on readers' experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without reliance on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a retransmitted or completely rewritten source text without any comments whatsoever, then such work is rated zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

ANSWERS

OPTION 18 Unified State Examination 2015

to tasks of part 1

№ tasks

old new old old new new old

TEXT INFORMATION

PART 2

An approximate range of problems

4. The problem of the significance of the image of the Russian peasant woman in the literature of the 60-70sXX  century. (What is the significance of the image of the Russian peasant woman created in the works of Russian literature of the 60-70sXX  century?)

Read the text and complete tasks 1-3.

1) About two and a half thousand years ago, the outstanding ancient Greek philosopher Zenon of Elea formulated the paradoxical statement (aporia) “Arrow” about the impossibility of movement in nature: at any given instant, a flying arrow is at a certain point in space, and therefore, there is no such point in time at which the flying arrow moves.

(2) It would seem that Zeno’s aporia can be easily refuted simply by pointing out that in the real world fired arrows move in space. (3)<…>  such a “refutation” is pointless: the essence of aporia is not in denying the fact of movement obvious to the observer, but in the knowingly false conclusions drawn in the course of impeccable logical reasoning, which clearly demonstrates the limitations of our logical thinking as a tool for cognizing reality.

1 . In which of the sentences below is the MAIN information contained in the text correctly conveyed?

1) Zeno's reasoning in the Strela aporia leads to knowingly false conclusions and is easily refuted by a simple indication of the fact of the existence of motion.

2) From a discussion of the immobility of a flying arrow at any given moment in time, the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno concluded that there was no movement as such.

3) In Zeno’s aporia “Arrow” we come to a false conclusion, guided by impeccable logical reasoning, which indicates the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world through logic.

4) The essence of Zeno’s aporia “Arrow” is not in denying the existence of movement in nature, but in the fact that the possibilities of logical thinking are limited.

5) Zeno’s aporia is paradoxical, but consistent with the truth: it clearly demonstrates the limitations of our logical thinking as an instrument of cognition of reality.

2. Which of the following words (word combinations) should stand in the place of the omission in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write out this word.

On the contrary, for example, however, it is likely

3. Read a fragment of a vocabulary article explaining the meaning of the word TIME. Define the meaning in which this word is used in the FIRST (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

TIME, -men, pl. -men, -myon, -men, cf.

1. One of the forms (along with the space) of the existence of infinitely developing matter, the successive change of its phenomena and states. Beyond time and space there is no movement of matter.

2. Duration, Durationsomething., measured in seconds, minutes, hours. What time is it (what time is it?).

3. The interval of one or another duration, into-ry committed something., a consistent change of hours, days, years. Time interval. Have a good time at. V. does not wait (it is necessary to hurry). V. endures (you can still wait). B. will show (will be seen in the future). V. works for us. Long c. For short c. Win in.

4. The specific moment at which it occursnn Assign to. meeting. B. lunch. In any at. of the day.

5. (pl. in one value with a unit). Period, era. During (times) of Peter I. Harsh time (harsh times). From time immemorial (from time immemorial). At all times (always). For all time (forever).

6. It’s time, day. Evening c. B. baby (for adults it is too early to go to bed; time.). Rainy c. Seasons (winter, spring, summer, autumn).

4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the statement of the accent: the letter designating the stressed vowel is INCORRECT. Write this word

lila beard called drilled prozorliva

5. In what version of the answer is the highlighted word WRONG used?Correct the mistakeand spell the word correctly.

A travel company is obliged to provide the consumer with information about its state registration and the name of the authority that registered it.

Almost all the works of cinema belong to GAME cinema, with the exception of part of documentary cinema.

In accordance with the "Rules for the provision of postal services," a registered letter is only considered to be delivered when ADDRESSAT personally signed the delivery receipt.

After a wet snowfall it is necessary to SHOW snow off the branches of trees so that they do not break.

It was impossible to EXPECT a warmer reception than the one that was organized for the guests of the festival.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistakeand spell the word correctly On both sides more than five hundred dollars experienced engineers pink cockatoo

7. Set the correspondence between sentences and grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select

corresponding position from the second column. OFFERS

B) Visiting the Tretyakov Gallery, the attention of tourists will certainly attract paintings by Vasily Perov.

C) None of those outside this room will hear a sound.

D) One of the famous scientists of the twentieth century, who had a significant influence on the development of linguistics, was Ferdinand de Saussure.

E) Linguist A.Kh. Vostokov gave a description of the language system in the book "Russian Grammar".

GRAMMATIC ERRORS 1) misuse of the case form of the noun

2) breach of communication between subject and predicate

3) violation in the construction of a proposal with an uncoordinated application

4) mistake in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

5) incorrect construction of sentence with participial circulation

6) violation in the construction of sentences with the participle turnover

7) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters. Answer

8. Identify the word that omits the unstressed verified vowel root. Write this word by inserting the missing letter.

R..shoshnyypolozhenie..granenie..shchennye cit..tanie prts.. dent

9. Define a series in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words by inserting the missing letter.

Pr..save, pr..grad Z..head, pos.. yesterday Yesterday, no .., similar, .. say Be .. borderline, not ... restraint

10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written at the place of the pass. Unreadable indiscernible desires.

11. Write down the word in which the letter And Movement is written .. at the place of the pass .. missed .. thrown ... thrown forward ... sewed checked ..

12. Define the sentence in which it is NOT written with the word INTEGRATED. Open the brackets and write out this word.

The huge crane shuddered as if it were (not) steel, but bamboo. The river ran along the by no means (not) high steep bank.

Our duty is to preserve the brilliant and (un) heard rich language of our classics. Lanterns (not) reflected very brightly on the black surface of the water.

The (not) expressed aloud reproach shone in the eyes of Sophia Nikolaevna.

13. Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are written INTEGRATED. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

The shark often attacks (C) NIZU, bending the snout, SO (HOW) it prevents it from capturing prey.

Anton Stepanovich HERE (SAME) showed us an old medallion (B) VIDE heart. (ON) A series of paintings on contemporary topics, a large place in Repin’s work is occupied by historical painting, to which he periodically returns (B) THE COURSE of his whole life.

For (PAUL) HOUR, he gathered in the city, AT (WHAT) he took all the money.

(B) CONTINUING THE WHOLE EVENING PRINCESS (FROM) TOGETHER was sad that she had not seen her brother for a long time.

14 . Indicate all digits (digit), in the place of which the word is written

And the thick milk pouring from the clay of (1) the jug, and the magnificent loaf in the art (2) of the gossip (3) of the basket, and the sliding napkin of the discharge (4) were painted by the artist in all details and with special expressiveness.

15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1) In gouache painting, flat and round brushes have an advantage.

2) I pulled out heavy lists of the novel and draft notebooks from a desk drawer and started burning them.

3) The heart suddenly trembles and beats, then drowns irrevocably in memories.

4) You can love the spring or path of a quiet lake or a thick blue summer night or a bright morning.

5) Rare yellowish stars flickered between the clouds and the sky gradually brightened on the horizon.

16 . Place punctuation marks: Indicate the numbers (digit) in which place in the sentence should be commas.

Ivan Yakovlevich threw down the pen (1) and (2) leaning back in his chair (3) began to look out the window at the clearing (4) which was flooded (5) with moonlight.

17 . Place punctuation marks: Indicate all numbers in the place of which in the sentences should be commas.

Sometimes a thought will come which (1) seems (2) true, but you are afraid to believe it. But then you see that that thought (3) maybe (4) and strange is actually the simplest truth: once you find out, you can’t stop believing in it anymore.

18 . Place punctuation marks:indicate the numbers (number) in which place the commas should be.

Raskolnikov (1) is more interested in Sennaya Square (2) in the vicinity of (3) which

(4) the poor live in poverty.

19 . Place punctuation marks:indicate all the numbers where commas should appear in sentences.

It was time to leave (1) and (2) when buses came for us from the city (3) we understood

(4) what a pity to part with the lake.

Read the text and complete tasks 20-25.

(1) Shatalov melted the stove, he himself sat on a chair on horseback and lit a cigarette. (2) The pain in the bones increased, monotonous, tedious ...

(3) All the troubles began when he earned this damned rheumatic heart disease. (4) Sometimes it is surprisingly stupid: a small, ordinary case becomes a watershed of a fate.

(5) Shatalov - in those days a senior lieutenant, navigator of a hydrographic vessel - launched the reporting documentation and did not crawl out of the cabin for a week, doing combat training magazines, acts on writing off skipper and navigator equipment, and notes on training for personnel. (6) From the endless “sections”, “subsections”, “paragraphs” and “notes” it was already rippling in the eyes, for some reason itching it behind the collar.

(7) The deadlines for the delivery of documentation were approaching inexorably, the ship's commander frowned at the meeting, and there was no visible end to the work.

(8) And suddenly an order to go to sea: somewhere on an island an automatic lighthouse deteriorated, and it was necessary to change the burner. (9) Autumn Baltic was stormy, but the navigator was jubilant. (10) He was young. (11) He jumped a goat from a compass to a map, from a direction finder to

echo sounder: because no one could now drive him into the cabin and force him to write to the inventory commission - he led the ship through the stormy sea!

(12) The islet was closed in the surf ring, but the navigator volunteered to go there on a whaleboat. (13) He assured the commander that he had landed here several times, that he knew the passages in the coastal stones. (14) He was never even close here and knew no passages. (15) But he understood well that the deadline for submitting documents would be extended if it was possible to establish a lighthouse without waiting for the weakening gale.

(16) No, it wasn’t quite a desperate adventure. (17) Shatalov was a good sailor, and he felt the tiller of the whaleboat not only with his palm, but with his whole being. (18) Just fate changed ... (19) He lost his orientation among the waves, breakers, curtains of spray ... (20) Forever remembered the slippery brilliance for the instant bareboat bared by the very side, the blow, the crackle of breaking oars, the distorted mouths on sailors faces and the roar of the wind ... (21) Only by a miracle no one died. (22) Wounded, having caught a cold, they spent more than a day on the island until the storm subsided.

(23) Although Shatalov did not light the lighthouse, he got rid of the documentation: he landed for six months in a hospital. (24) For unwarranted folly he was not given the next rank, and when a new reduction in the armed forces began, they were one of the first to be demobilized.

(According to V. Konetsky *) * Viktor Viktorovich Konetsky (1929-2002) - sea captain, prose writer, screenwriter. In his works he reflected the life of polar sailors.

20 . Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify response numbers.

1) Sometimes a person can change his future fate with one act.

2) The young navigator decided on a desperate act, trying to extend the deadline for submitting documentation.

3) Senior lieutenant Shatalov repeatedly went on a whaleboat to an island enclosed in the surf ring, so he knew all the passages in the coastal stones.

4) Shatalov never managed to light a lighthouse on an island.

5) Shatalov, being a senior lieutenant, fell ill with rheumatic heart disease when he kept a combat training journal.

21. Which of the following statements are true? Specify response numbers.

1) Sentences 1-3 provide reasoning.

2) Proposition 20 contains a descriptive passage.

3) Proposition 17 provides the rationale for the judgment made in Proposition 16.

4) Proposals 23-24 present the narrative.

5) Proposition 22 contains an element of reasoning.

22. From sentences 1-4 write down contextual synonyms.

23. Among the offers12-19 find one that is associated with the previous one using union and lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer.

24. Read the review fragment. This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are omitted. Insert the numbers corresponding to the term number from the list in the places of the gaps.

Write down a sequence of numbers without spaces, commas, or other additional characters.

The writer V. Konetsky, a former sailor, uses such a lexical means of expression as _____ (for example, “damned” in sentence 3), and such paths as _____ (“watershed of fate”) to more accurately describe the character’s state of mind and his attitude towards to your deed. Trails like ______

(“Desperate adventure” in sentence 16), combined with marine terms, help to better understand the character of the young navigator. A syntactic tool such as ______ (“shine ..., punch, bang ..., ... mouth ... and roar ...” in sentence 20) emphasizes the tension of the situation.

List of terms:

1) dialecticism

2) epithet

3) metaphor

4) parcel

5) rhetorical appeal

6) litota

7) emotional evaluative  the words

8) question and answer  presentation form

9) a number of homogeneous members

A B C D

Text problems:

1. The problem of a person’s responsibility for his actions (Should a person be aware of the responsibility for his actions and anticipate their consequences?)

2. The problem of an overestimated human assessment of their capabilities (What can an overestimated human assessment of their capabilities lead to?)

Place all the missing punctuation marks:  indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

Sometimes a thought will come which (1) seems (2) true, but you are afraid to believe it. But then you see that that thought (3) maybe (4) and strange is actually the simplest truth: once you find out, you can’t stop believing in it anymore.

Explanation (see also Rule below).

We give the correct spelling.

Sometimes a thought comes up that seems true, but afraid to believe it. But then you see that that thought, which may be strange, is actually the simplest truth: once you know it, you can no longer stop believing in it.

Perhaps - opening words are highlighted with commas.

It seems - in this case, not an introductory word, but a predicate, it does not stand out with commas.

Commas should be in places 3, 4.

Answer: 34 | 43

Rule: Task 18. Introductory words and appeal

In task 18, the ability to put punctuation marks on words grammatically not related to a sentence is tested. These include introductory words (constructions, phrases, sentences), plug-in constructions and references

In the Unified State Examination 2016-2017, one part of tasks 18 will be represented by a narrative sentence form with introductory words

Cottage (1) can be (2) called the cradle with which each of us began to comprehend the world, at first limited by a garden, then by a huge street, then by sections and (3) finally (4) by the whole country side.

The other part (judging by the demo and the book of I.P. Tsybulko Typical examination materials 2017) will look like this:

Place punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in which place (s) in the sentence should be (s) a comma (s).

Listen (1) maybe (2) when we leave

This world forever, where the soul is so frozen

Perhaps (3) in a country where they do not know deception,

You (4) will be an angel, I will become a demon!

Then swear to forget (5) darling (6)

For a former friend all the happiness of paradise!

Let (7) be a gloomy exile, condemned by fate,

You will be a paradise, and you to me - the universe!

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Consider the rules and concepts needed to complete this type of task.

17.1 General concept of introductory words and the basic rule of their allocation.

Introductory words are words (or phrases) that are not grammatically related to the sentence and introduce additional semantic connotations.For instance: Obviously, communication with children develops many good qualities in a person; Fortunately, the mystery has remained a mystery.

These values \u200b\u200bare transmitted not only by introductory words, but also introductory sentences. For instance: Evening do you remember, the blizzard was angry ... (Pushkin).

To the introductory units adjoin plug-in designswhich contain various additional comments, corrections and clarifications. Plugin constructions, like introductory ones, are not related to other words in a sentence. They abruptly break the sentence. For instance: Foreign Literature Magazines (two)  I ordered to send to Yalta ; Masha spoke with him about Rossini (Rossini has just come into fashion), about Mozart.

The main mistake of most writers is associated with inaccurate knowledge of the list of introductory words. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to learn which words can be introductory, which groups of introductory words can be highlighted, and which words are never introductory.

GROUPS OF WATERWORDS.

1. introductory words expressing the speaker’s feelings in connection with what was said: fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to chagrin, to horror, to trouble, what good ...

2. Introductory words expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of certainty of what he said: of course, undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, obviously, unconditionally, probably, possibly, right, maybe, perhaps, it seems, apparently, essentially, essentially, in fact, I think ... This group of introductory words is the most numerous.

3. introductory words that indicate the sequence of thoughts expressed and their relationship between themselves: firstly, so, therefore, in general, it means, by the way, further, however, finally, on the one hand…   This group is also quite large and insidious.

4. introductory words indicating methods and ways of designing thoughts: in a word, in other words, in other words, rather, more precisely, so to speak ...

5. Introductory words indicating the source of the message: they say, in my opinion, according to ..., according to rumors, according to information ..., in the opinion ..., in my opinion, I remember ...

6. Introductory words, which is the address of the speaker to the interlocutor: you see (you), you know, understand, sorry, please agree ...

7. Introductory words indicating an assessment of the measure of what is being said: at most, at least ...

8. Introductory words showing the degree of commonality of what was said: it happens, it happened, as usual ...

9. Introductory words expressing the expressiveness of the utterance: except for jokes, it’s ridiculous to say honestly between us ...

17.1. 1 ARE NOT INTRODUCTORY WORDS, and therefore the following words are not marked with commas on the letter:

literally, as if, in addition, all of a sudden, after all, it’s unlikely, after all, in the long run, hardly, even, precisely, exclusively, as if, as if, just, meanwhile, almost, therefore, because, approximately, approximately, moreover, and, moreover, simply, decisively, as if ...   - this group includes particles and adverbs that most often turn out to be erroneously isolated as introductory ones.

according to tradition, on the advice ..., as directed ..., as requested ..., by order ..., as intended ... - these combinations act as unseparated (not separated by commas) members of the sentence:

On the advice of her older sister, she decided to enter Moscow State University.

By order of the doctor, the patient was put on a strict diet.

17.1. 2 Depending on the context, the same words can act as introductory words or as members of a sentence.

MAY and MAY BE, SHOULD BE, SEEMS TO (SEEK) act as input if they indicate the degree of reliability of the reported:

CanWill I come tomorrow? Our teacher has been gone for two days; may be, he is ill. You, should be, the first time you encounter such a phenomenon. I, it seems, I saw him somewhere.

The same words may appear in the role of predicates:

What can meeting with you bring me? How can a person be so optional! This should be your own decision. It all seems very suspicious to me.Note: you can never throw out a predicate from a sentence, but an introductory word can.

OBVIOUSLY, POSSIBLE, VISIBLE are introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of the statement:

You, obviouslyDo you want to apologize for your deed? Next month I, perhapsI’ll leave to rest. You, it is seenWant to tell us the whole truth?

These same words can be included in the predicate:

It became obvious to everyone that it was necessary to look for another way to solve the problem. This was made possible thanks to the coordinated actions of the fire brigade. The sun is not visible because of the clouds.

SURE, TRUE, EXACTLY, NATURALLY are introductory when indicating the degree of reliability of the reported (in this case, they are interchangeable or can be replaced with words of this group that are close in meaning) - You, probably (\u003d should be), and don’t understand how important it is to do it on time. You, right, and is that Sidorov? She, for surewas a beauty. All this reasoning, naturally, so far only our assumptions.

These same words turn out to be members of the sentence (circumstances) - He correctly (\u003d correctly, circumstance of the mode of action) translated the text. I probably don’t know (\u003d for sure, the circumstance of the course of action), but he should have done it to spite me. The student accurately (\u003d correctly) solved the problem. This naturally (\u003d naturally) led us to the only correct answer.

BTW is an introductory word if it indicates a connection of thoughts:

He is a good athlete. By the way, he studies well too.

The same word does not appear as an introductory one in the meaning of "at the same time":

I’ll go for a walk, by the way I’ll buy bread.

BETWEEN OTHER it turns out to be an introductory word, indicating the connection of thoughts:

Her parents, friends and, by the way, best friend against the trip.

This word can be used as non-aquatic in the context of:

He made a lengthy speech, in which, incidentally, he noted that he would soon become our boss.

BEFORE EVERYTHING as an introductory word indicates a connection of thoughts:

Primarily  (\u003d first), is it even necessary to raise such a sensitive issue?

The same word can act as a circumstance of time (\u003d first):

First of all, I want to convey greetings from your parents.

I must say that in the same phrase "first of all" can be considered as introductory, and not depending on the will of the author.

REALLY, UNCERTAINLY, UNCERTAINLY, OWNLY will be introductory, if they indicate the degree of reliability of the reported:

From this hill really  (\u003d exactly, indeed, without any doubt), the best view was revealed. No doubt  (\u003d really, really), your child is capable of music. Is he, certainlyread this novel. - or at the reception of the design of thoughts - Here, actually, and the whole story.

The same words are not introductory if they appear in other meanings:

I really am the way you imagined me (\u003d really, really). He was undoubtedly a talented composer (\u003d no doubt, actually). She is certainly right in offering us such a simple way to solve the problem (\u003d very, very right). I had nothing against the school, but I didn’t want to go into this (\u003d in general, exactly). The words “really” and “unconditionally”, depending on the intonation suggested by the speaker, can be either introductory or not in the same context.

AND, laterShe turned out to be a celebrity. Further, we will talk about our findings. Thus  (\u003d so), our results do not contradict those obtained by other scientists. She is smart, beautiful and, finallyShe is very kind to me. What, eventuallyDo you want from me? Usually sentences containing the above words complete a series of enumerations, the words themselves have the meaning "and more." In the context above, the words "firstly," "secondly," "on the one hand," etc. may occur. “Thus,” in the meaning of the introductory word, is not only the end of the enumeration, but also the conclusion.

The same words are not distinguished as introductory in the meanings: “in this way” \u003d “in this way”:

Thus he was able to move a heavy cabinet.

Usually in the previous context there are circumstances of the time, for example, “first”. "Then" \u003d "then, after that":

And then he became a famous scientist.

“Finally” \u003d “at the end, finally, after everything, as a result of everything”:

Finally, all affairs were successfully completed. Usually in this meaning a particle “something” can be added to the word “finally”, which cannot be done if “finally” is an introductory word. In the same meanings as indicated above for “finally”, the combination “finally” is not introductory:

In the end (\u003d as a result) an agreement was reached.

HOWEVER is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence:

Rain,   However, walked for the second week, despite weather forecasts. How clever I am of him however!

“However,” it does not appear to be introductory at the beginning of a sentence and at the beginning of a part of a complex sentence, when it acts as an opposing alliance (\u003d but): However, people did not want to believe in his good intentions. We did not hope for a meeting, but we were lucky.

We draw attention to the fact that sometimes the word “however” can appear at the beginning of a sentence, but not fulfill the function of a union: HoweverIt is incredibly difficult.

In general, it is introductory in the meaning of "generally speaking" when it indicates a way of designing thoughts:

His works, at allis of interest only to a narrow circle of specialists. In other meanings, the word "in general" is an adverb in the meaning of "in general, completely, in all respects, under all conditions, always":

Ostrovsky for the Russian theater is the same as Pushkin for literature in general. Under the new law, smoking in the workplace is generally prohibited.

In my opinion, in your opinion, in our opinion, are your input, indicating the source of the message:

Your child, to my mindcaught a cold. It, in yourDoes something prove? The word “in its own way” is not introductory: It is right in its own way.

Of course, most often it is introductory, indicates the degree of reliability of the statement:

We, of course, ready to help you in everything.

Sometimes this word is not isolated if it is intonationally distinguished by a tone of confidence, conviction. In this case, the word “of course” is considered an amplifying particle: I would certainly agree if you warned me in advance.

IN EVENT, it is more often introductory and is used to evaluate:

I, anyway, I would not like to recall this. These words, anyway, testify to the seriousness of his attitude to life.

In the meaning of "always, under any circumstances" this combination is not introductory:

I anywayhad to meet him today and talk to him.

Actually, it is often NOT introductory, speaking in the sense of "really" - Petya is really well versed in computers. I really have nothing to do with it. Less commonly, this phrase is introductory, if it serves to express bewilderment, indignation - What are you, indeed, are you making yourself a wise guy?

In turn, it can be introductory when it indicates a connection of thoughts or a way of designing thoughts:

Among the many modern writers, Vladimir Sorokin is of interest, and among his books, in turn, you can highlight "Roman." Asking me to help him in his work, he, in turn, too, did not mess around. The same phrase can be non-introductory in the meanings “in response”, “for its part” (\u003d when the turn comes) - Masha, in turn, talked about how she spent the summer.

MEANING is introductory if it can be replaced by the words "hence", "therefore":

The message is complicated meanYou need to transfer it today. The rain is already over meanwe can go for a walk. If she fights so hard with us mean, she feels right.

This word may turn out to be predicate, close in meaning to "means":

A dog means more to him than a wife. When you are truly friends with a person, this means that you trust him in everything. "Means" can be between the subject and the predicate, especially when they are expressed by infinitives. In this case, a "dash" is preceded by a dash:

To be offended means to admit being weak. To be friends means to trust your friend.

A CONVERSE is introductory if it indicates a connection of thoughts:

He didn’t want to offend her, but, vice versa, tried to ask her forgiveness. Instead of playing sports, she, vice versasitting at home all day.

The combination “and vice versa”, which can act as a homogeneous member of a sentence, is not an introduction, it is used as a word replacing the whole sentence or part of it:

In spring, girls change: brunettes become blondes and vice versa (i.e. blondes are brunettes). The more you do, the higher grades you get, and vice versa (that is, if you do little, grades will be bad; the comma before the “and” appears at the end of the sentence - it turns out like a compound sentence, where “vice versa” replaces its second part). I know that he will fulfill my request and vice versa (that is, I will fulfill it, there is no comma before “and”, since “vice versa” replaces the homogeneous clause).

EXTREME is an introductory one if the value of the assessment is:

Misha at least, knows how to behave, and does not pick his fork in his teeth.

This phrase can be used in the meanings of “no less than”, “at least”, then it is not isolated:

At least she will know that her father did not live his life in vain. At least five of the class must take part in cross-country skiing.

FROM A POINT OF VIEW is introductory in the meaning of "according to":

From my grandmother's point of viewgirl should not wear pants. Her answer from the point of view of examinersworthy of the highest praise.

The same turnover may mean “in relation to” and then the introductory statement is not:

The work is going according to plan in terms of timing. If we evaluate the behavior of the heroes of some literary works from the point of view of modern morality, then it should be considered immoral.

In particular, it stands out as an introductory one, if it indicates the connection of thoughts in a statement: It interests in particular, the question of the contribution of this scientist to the development of the theory of relativity. The company takes an active part in charity work and, in particularhelps orphanage No. 187.

If the combination IN PARTICULAR was at the beginning or at the end of the connecting structure, then it is not separated from this structure (this will be discussed in more detail in the next section):

I love books about animals, in particular about dogs. My friends, in particular Masha and Vadim, were relaxing this summer in Spain. The specified combination is not distinguished as introductory if it is connected by the union "and" with the word "in general":

The conversation turned to politics in general, and in particular about the latest decisions of the government.

The main way is introductory when it is used to evaluate a fact, to highlight it in a statement: the textbook should be rewritten and, mainly, add such chapters to it ... The room was used for special occasions and, mainly, for the organization of formal dinners.

This combination can be part of the connecting structure, in this case, if it is at the beginning or at the end, it is not separated from the structure by a comma:

Many Russian people mainly  representatives of the intelligentsia did not believe the promises of the government.

In the meaning of "first of all", "most of all" this combination is not introductory and does not stand out:

He was afraid of writing mainly because of his ignorance. I mostly like his attitude towards his parents.

FOR EXAMPLE, it will always be introductory, but it takes different forms. It can be highlighted with commas from two sides:

Pavel Petrovich is extremely attentive to his appearance, eg, he carefully cares for his nails. If “for example” appears at the beginning or at the end of an already isolated member, then it is not separated by a comma from this turnover:

In many big cities, eg  in Moscow, unfavorable environmental conditions. Some works of Russian writers, eg  "Eugene Onegin" or "War and Peace", served as the basis for the creation of feature films not only in Russia but also in other countries. In addition, a colon may appear after “for example” if “for example” appears after a generalizing word in front of a series of homogeneous members:

Some fruits can cause allergies. eg: oranges, tangerines, pineapple, red berries.

17.1.3 There are special cases of punctuation in opening words.

To highlight introductory words and sentences, not only commas can be used, but also dashes, as well as combinations of dashes and commas.

These cases are not included in the course of secondary school and are not used in the exam questions. But some of the revolutions often used must be remembered. Here are examples from the Rosenthal Punctuation Guide.

So, if the introductory combination forms an incomplete construction (a word is missing that is restored from the context), then it is highlighted with a comma and a dash: Makarenko repeatedly emphasized that pedagogy is based, one side, on unlimited trust in a person, and with another  - on high requirements to it; Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: one sideto give horses a rest with another  - in order to relax and refresh yourself(the comma before the subordinate part is “absorbed” by the dash); One sideIt was important to make an urgent decision, but caution was required - with another.

17.2 General concept of the appeal and the basic rule of its allocation.

First included in the USE assignments in 2016-2017. Students will have to seek treatment in poetic works, which greatly complicates the task.

Appeals are words that refer to the one to whom the speech is being addressed.  The appeal takes the form of a nominative case and is pronounced with special intonation: Tatyana, dear Tatyana!  With you now I pour tears. Appeals are usually expressed by animated nouns, as well as adjectives and participles in the meaning of nouns. For instance: Use your life living . In art speech, inanimate nouns can also be used. For instance: Noise, noise obedient sail ; Don’t make a noise, ryeripe ear.

Personal pronouns you  and youusually advocate not in the role of appeal, and in the role of the subject: Sorry, peaceful valleys, and you , familiar mountains peaks, and you , familiar forests!

17.1.2. There are more complex rules for highlighting calls.

1. If the address at the beginning of the sentence is pronounced with exclamatory intonation, then an exclamation mark is placed after it (the word following the address is capitalized): Old man!  Forget about the former; A young native of Naples!  What did you leave in Russia on the field?

2. If the address is at the end of the sentence, then a comma is placed before it, and after it is the punctuation mark that is required by the content and intonation of the sentence: Think so master of culture; Hi to you people of peaceful labor !;  Are you here, darling?; Pig you brother…

3. Repeat calls are separated by a comma or exclamation mark: The steppe is wide, the steppe is desertedwhy do you look so cloudy ?; Hello, wind, formidable wind, tailwind of world history!; Vaska! Vaska! Vaska!  Wow!

4.Homogeneous appeals united by union and  or yes, commas are not separated: Sing people, cities and rivers!  Sing mountains, steppes and fields!; Hello, the sun and the morning are merry!

5. If there are several appeals to one person located in different places of the proposal, each of them is separated by commas: Ivan Ilyichdispose of brotherabout a snack; ... I am because Thomasis not it better brother, breake down?

6. If a common appeal is “torn apart” in other words - members of the proposal, then each part of the appeal is separated by commas as a general rule: Tighter horsebeat hoof, rapping a step! ; For blood and tears longed for reckoningwe see you forty first year.

Imagine that every second frightening obsessive thoughts are born in your head: you are afraid to yell at a colleague, beat your mother, pierce your eye with a fork during lunch. This is exactly what people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) experience. Sobaka.ru recorded the monologue of a journalist from St. Petersburg, whose life turned into hell because of such thoughts, but he was able to get out of it (and told how).

As a rule, the majority of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder come up with all kinds of obsessive and frightening thoughts. Such thoughts are actually called obsessions. And compulsions are rituals that supposedly help to cope with thoughts. The patient invents them himself: wash his hands 36 times so that nothing bad happens, 15 times stroking his dog before leaving the house. I don’t know if I was lucky or not, but I didn’t have any rituals (except for one thing - every time for a second I closed my eyes at the wheel when I felt an obsessive fear that I would crash my car now). But there were obsessions that have been ruining my life for years.

How it all began: a monster in a cap

I well remembered the first obsession - I was 13 years old, and my mother and I were on vacation in the Crimea. During the bus ride, I imagined a strange mythical creature with yellow teeth, a hippo-like mouth, clawed legs and some kind of completely wild grin. I imagined how this creature stuck to the glass of the bus. At the same time, the monster had a funny cap on his head- obsessions are often ridiculous, but at the same time very frightening. I could not get this image out of my head. He pursued me throughout the rest. Later I found out that in boys the first symptoms of OCD appear just 13-15 years old, and already at this age it is worth contacting a therapist. However, I began to receive adequate treatment only after almost 10 years.

After that trip, the obsessions for a while retreated and returned to me after graduation, at the age of 17 years. They were the quintessence of all the most disgusting that my brain could generate. Evil and scary pictures, vulgar and depraved images associated with my friends and relatives ... The worst thing is that in real life I adhered to strict moral principles, but my thoughts made me doubt that I was a good person. Would a good person have the idea to stand up and shout at his colleagues, beat the cook of the restaurant in which he works, hit his mother? And all these thoughts visited me constantly. Of course, it never came to direct action - I was absolutely harmless to others, thoughts brought suffering only to me. In general, contrasting obsessions always have a very unpleasant content for a person, they contradict his ethical foundations. For example, if a person is deeply religious, while OCD suffers, blasphemous thoughts related to religion and the images of saints climb into his head.

How to live if you have OCD

By the age of 22, my illness had reached an acute phase - I had practically no episodes of respite, at least some enlightenment during the day. Probably the best moment at that time was awakening: when I opened my eyes, my head was still clean. But when faced with reality, the brain gave out lightnings of obsessions. I could go into the kitchen and at the same moment the thought arose that now I would beat my mother. Walked to the bathroom, and at that time an absurd word settled in my head. For example, a carburetor.  I did not know where it came from, but I couldn’t throw it away. At some point, I began to spontaneously translate the words into English. It seems that there is nothing wrong with that, but it really bothered me. English words brazenly climbed into my head, interfering with the normal train of thought.

Tip # 1: Separate yourself from illness. She's just trying to hit you on the very sick. Would you like bad thoughts to come true? Probably not. It turns out that you are not a bastard.

None of my friends and acquaintances knew what was happening to me. But I behaved extremely strange and began to avoid everyone. When you meet people, they talk about life, work, everyday affairs, girls, and in your head a swarm of obsessions (or are you afraid to yell at someone you talk to or hit them in the face), then the communication is so-so. These thoughts distracted me greatly, hit me on the head like hammers - broads, and complete disorientation ensues. In addition, I began to consider myself a very bad person, I was really ashamed of myself. Only during treatment did I realize that you - this is not your disease. And do not think that you are a moral monster if, due to a mental disorder, frightening obsessions climb into your head. This is important knowledge for OCD patients that makes life easier.

Loss of work and relationships

When I turned 23, everything completely went to hell - at first I was fired from a job that I really liked. I worked as a journalist, but could no longer write tests. He sat down for an interview, and there was a fear in my head that I would pierce my eye with a pen or bite off my tongue.Contrasting obsessions are often aimed at self-harm. You are afraid to lose control, afraid to do self-mutilation. The quality of my texts has fallen to the bottom, problems have begun in the editorial office. I had to leave my place of work (I honestly told my editor-in-chief that I had a roof), a month later I was abandoned by a girl whom I loved. She was aware of my illness, tried to treat him with understanding, but could not stand everything that happened to me. I tried to cling to dubious part-time jobs, but because of obsessions I could not stay even as a loader. In fact, I have lost all capacity for work.

It seemed to me that a huge tank fired at my inner world and smashed it to shreds. Seeing no way out, I decided that I can safely put an end to it: for all my life I will have to stay in this nightmare. But later he began a long and serious treatment with a psychotherapist.

Failed Treatment Attempts

In general, in my life I had three experiences with specialists. At 17, my mother took me to a psychiatrist - after I told her about my first obsessive thoughts. He prescribed me antipsychotics, which most likely didn’t even suit me, and released him. We did not do psychotherapy then - although, in my experience, it is it, and not the medicine, that helps to take the disease under control. But I found out about this later.

The second time I spoke no longer with a psychiatrist, but with a psychotherapist. I came to him when I was 21 years old, we worked with him for about two years. But essentially he helped me to cope with only one problem - explained that if terrible thoughts come to me due to illness, this does not mean that I am a bad person. I partially stopped practicing self-flagellation, but my head was never left intrusive. Later, I realized that that doctor was poorly versed in the treatment of OCD, and all our work with him was not working properly.

How to choose a competent doctor

The third doctor helped me cope with the disease - trips to him began just at the time when I reached the bottom. It seemed to me that my case was hopeless, but the initial trust in the specialist was all the same: the psychotherapist I selected had a good education, authority in a professional environment, I liked to communicate with him. The doctor conducted a paid appointment, and at that moment I was left without work and, accordingly, money, so I turned to my family for help. This is an important tip for all patients with mental health problems: do not be afraid to tell your loved ones about your problem and together find money for adequate therapy.  It is customary for us to raise funds for the treatment of physical diseases, but for some reason with a mental disorder people are afraid to ask for help (and this is a big mistake).

At the first appointment, I told the doctor about my problem, about all the painful obsessions. I was afraid that I could not express what I was feeling, but the words literally poured out of me. The doctor listened and asked questions, structured information about me. At the end of the appointment, he summarized everything that I described and told me about the method that is considered effective in the fight against OCD - this is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

Tip # 2: Adequate treatment for OCD is only possible with a competent doctor. The most effective treatment is CBT. If you encounter a disease, then start working with a specialist in this area.

If you are sick with OCD or suspect that you have any other mental illness, urgently seek a competent specialist. Self-medication is often useless and even dangerous. Ask a potential doctor directly if he has experience in treating patients with OCD and which method of psychotherapy he uses in his work. In my experience, the most persistent and high-quality result is cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, so it is better for your doctor to work within the CBT. From the outside, you can distinguish it by its special structure and systematic nature: you are not just chatting with the doctor, but moving according to a clearly defined treatment plan. CBT implies independent homework, this is an educational form of psychotherapy. Having mastered the techniques, you can use them yourself, for example, to avoid relapse of the disease.

Why work with thoughts

During my treatment, the doctor combined pharmacology and psychotherapy. I drank antipsychotics and antidepressants. Pills can be a good airbag, but it seems to me that they are not paramount. Hoping to defeat OCD by turning off the cure while not undergoing psychotherapy is, in my opinion, a hopeless way.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy helps to thoroughly rebuild the train of thought and thereby achieve recovery. See, our emotions are evoked by our thoughts. That is, our emotional reaction and our condition depend on how we mentally perceive the world around us. After all oCD problems are not even caused by the obsessions themselves - to some extent, all people have them.  And the fact that these obsessions seem realistic to the patient. For example, it occurred to you that you could hit a person. If you are healthy, then most likely you will think: "Well, okay, I'm not going to do this." A person with OCD will most likely take this thought differently: “Ah, what a bastard I am! But how can I even think of such a thing? What if I lose control of myself and really do it. " He will experience fear, horror, disgust. But if you change the course of thoughts, repaint them from negative to neutral, then it will be easier to transfer the symptoms of OCD. Obsessions will not be perceived as something terrible, but as just thoughts. Over time, they themselves will come to naught.

Present all the worst

The core of my work was the exposure method. The doctor explained to me what it is: if frightening thoughts come, you need not to suppress them, but rather try to strengthen and think about it purposefully until they are weakened. This is a rather frightening exercise, therefore, at the beginning of treatment, it must be performed under the supervision of a specialist.

During the exercise, I imagined how I was mocking my dog. As I tear my beloved dog apart, break his jaws, hurt. At first it was very hard for me to think about it. But after several minutes of practice, I noticed that the thought that I would kill a dog made me less anxious. Another time I imagined how violently I abuse and pervert my family members. It was the hardest thing, since I hated these thoughts more than anyone else. Focusing on disgusting images was painful, but I went over and on and on. At the end of the practice, I again noticed that the thought that I was raping my relatives made me less anxious. I continued to do these practices every day. My work began to bring results.

Tip # 4: Don't be afraid to lose control and do what contrasting obsessions dictate. OCD patients never do all the horror that comes to their mind. This is only thought, and thought is not at all equal to action.

Exposure was not the only exercise: to help me cope with the disorder, the doctor used a whole range of techniques. For example, we compiled tablets of obsessive thoughts - I wrote out the obsession, then the emotion that it causes me, gave her an assessment. Later, the therapist told me about the method of selecting alternatives. At first I described a negative thought, and then an alternative to it, that is, my objection to it. The most common objection was this: “It's just OCD,my thought has nothing to do with reality, I will not do what I fear". Yes, indeed, a large number of studies confirm that people with obsessive-compulsive disorder never commit actions due to obsessions. None of the OCD patients bit off their tongue, turned the steering wheel into the oncoming lane, or yelled obscenities at the interlocutor. Absolutely nobody. These are just their irrational thoughts that have nothing to do with reality.

A person with OCD is sure that his thoughts are material. We did a rather funny experiment with the doctor. I advise you to try it for everyone who is worried about the materiality of their thoughts (after all, this is not only people with mental disorders that suffer from this). Put a piece of paper on the table and try to move it to the side with the power of thought. Focus on this process. Repeat: "I order the piece of paper to move to the side." Nothing coming out? Does the paper stay in place? In general, this is not surprising. After all, thoughts do not determine our actions.

On the road to recovery

Another piece of advice - fighting OCD, you need to get ready for a long job. Some patients hope to get results quickly, but this is a big mistake, because of which many people quit treatment.  and lose hope. I have not observed a persistent positive effect for several months. But this is normal - the doctor was looking for a key for me, he understood my situation.

The effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy in severe cases of the disease (and mine was just that) begins after 10-15 sessions. And I'm not talking about full recovery, but about positive changes. If the patient does not observe any positive effect even after so many meetings with the doctor, then it is worth discussing this directly with him.

Tip number 4: any work brings results. If you undergo adequate treatment under the guidance of a good specialist, you can defeat the disease. Doing nothing? OCD will only progress and poison life more and more.

The fight against OCD is a regular, monotonous work. To do it, you do not need to be a hero or a genius. You will need hard work, patience, the ability to wait and the support of a competent psychotherapist. I went to the doctor every week for six months. Then the sessions began to take place less often, but lasted for two years.

I felt that I had overcome my obsessions eight months after the first visit to my doctor. I was taken to my previous place of work, I began to feel confident, and the texts began to be written easily (still, I was no longer afraid to bite my tongue and fill my desktop with blood).

Are obsessive thoughts coming into my head right now

Having dealt with OCD, I really became a different person. Almost three years have passed since the moment when I felt free from obsessions, and a year ago the doctor completely canceled drug therapy. During the illness I was depressed, and now I get real pleasure from life. I have a new job, I married a beautiful girl. The disease no longer poses any obstacles to my development.

The unexpected positive side of what I experienced: after such an experience, I seem to no longer be afraid of life's difficulties. A great thought settled in my head - if I coped with OCD, I can handle anything.  It's like such a huge dragon that you defeated, so other dragons are fearless to you. Before recovering, I was a man who had been moved away from fear, now my character has become hardened and I have become impenetrable. Of course, I’m not an ironman, but it’s true that it’s hard to unsettle me.

Perfectionism is very common among people with OCD - they need to keep everything under control, they need everything to be perfect. If something is done wrong, it causes a person suffering. At the same time, perfectionism comes to the point of absurdity. Patients place books by letters of the alphabet, and the pile on the carpet should be combed strictly in one direction. If the patient does not do everything “as it should”, anxiety will pester him. I realized that   perfectionism is a good feature of the disease,  you just need to learn how to apply it in the right way. I started using this feature in my work - I can’t do something with my left heel and take the process very seriously. Sometimes I go too far with my pursuit of excellence, but still a serious attitude to work affects life positively.

In general, obsessive-compulsive disorder is a disease that is considered chronic. Therefore, people who encounter a problem should remember that symptoms may return. But when you have completed a good course of cognitive-behavioral therapy, you already know how to cope with this exacerbation. OCD - an insidious rival, can stealthily steal you and give you in the face. But if you are well trained, then first you put the block, and then you win. So now I have no fear that the disease will return.

You are probably wondering: do obsessive thoughts come to me? Sometimes they come. Like all the inhabitants of planet Earth.  Once I talked with my mother, asked if obsessions come to her. It turned out that mom is afraid to pull the car door handle and fall onto the roadway. But if such an idea comes to her, it passes fleetingly. Fleeting scary thoughts may come to me, but they no longer affect my life.

If you are faced with OCD - do not seek to completely get rid of obsessive thoughts. Their occurrence in the head is normal. Just learn how to respond to obsessions like healthy people do, that is, without negative emotions. Such a skill is quite possible to develop by working with a good psychotherapist.

• In preparing the material, the upcoming methodological guide “Checkmate of OCD”, written by the hero in co-authorship with KMN, the psychotherapist Alexander Yerichev, was used.
• You can contact the hero of the material at the address [email protected]