Nitrogen Oxonitride (I) (diazot oxide, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, laughing gas) is a compound with the chemical formula 2. Sometimes called "laughing gas" because of its intoxicating effect. At normal temperature, it is a colorless non-combustible gas with a pleasant sweetish smell and taste.
Getting
Nitrous oxide is obtained by heating dry ammonium nitrate. Decomposition begins at 170 ° C and is accompanied by heat. Therefore, in order to prevent it from leaking too violently, you should stop heating in time, since at temperatures above 300 ° C ammonium nitrate decomposes with an explosion:
A more convenient way is to heat sulfamic acid with 73% nitric acid:
In the chemical industry, nitrous oxide is a by-product and catalytic converters are used for its destruction, since the isolation in the form of a commercial product is, as a rule, economically inexpedient.
History
Physical properties
Nitrous oxide, intended for medical needs (a high degree of purification from impurities), does not cause respiratory tract irritation. Being, in the process of inhalation, dissolved in blood plasma, practically does not change and is not metabolized, it does not bind to hemoglobin. After stopping inhalation, it is released (within 10-15 minutes) through the respiratory tract unchanged. The elimination half-life is 5 minutes.
Anesthesia with nitrous oxide is used in surgical practice, operative gynecology, surgical dentistry, as well as for pain relief of labor. “Therapeutic analgesic anesthesia” (B.V. Petrovsky, S.N. Efuni) using a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen is sometimes used in the postoperative period for the prevention of traumatic shock, as well as for the relief of pain attacks in acute coronary insufficiency, myocardial infarction, acute pancreatitis and other pathological conditions, accompanied by pain that does not stop with conventional means.
Nitrous oxide is used in a mixture with oxygen using special devices for gas anesthesia. Usually start with a mixture containing 70-80% nitrous oxide and 30-20% oxygen, then the amount of oxygen is increased to 40-50%. If it is not possible to obtain the necessary depth of anesthesia, at a concentration of nitrous oxide of 70-75%, more powerful drugs are added: fluorotan, diethyl ether, barbiturates.
For more complete relaxation of muscles, muscle relaxants are used, while not only muscle relaxation is enhanced, but the course of anesthesia is also improved.
After stopping nitrous oxide supply, oxygen should be continued for 4-5 minutes to avoid hypoxia.
It is necessary to use nitrous oxide, like any remedy for anesthesia, with caution, especially with pronounced phenomena of hypoxia and impaired diffusion of gases in the lungs.
For labor pain relief they use the method of intermittent autoanalgesia using, using special anesthesia machines, a mixture of nitrous oxide (40-75%) and oxygen. The woman in labor begins to inhale the mixture when the precursors of the contractions appear and ends the inhalation at the height of the contractions or at the end of the contractions.
To reduce emotional arousal, to prevent nausea and vomiting and to potentiate the action of nitrous oxide, premedication by intramuscular administration of a 0.5% solution of diazepam (seduxen, sibazon) in an amount of 1-2 ml (5-10 mg), 2-3 ml 0, is possible. 25% droperidol solution (5.0-7.5 mg).
Therapeutic anesthesia with nitrous oxide (with angina pectoris and myocardial infarction) is contraindicated in severe diseases of the nervous system, chronic alcoholism, and intoxication (excitation, hallucinations are possible).
Release form: in metal cylinders with a capacity of 10 l under a pressure of 50 atm in a liquefied state. Cylinders are painted in gray color and have an inscription "For medical use".
In internal combustion engines
Nitrous oxide is sometimes used to improve the performance of internal combustion engines. In the case of automotive applications, a substance containing nitrous oxide and fuel are injected into the intake (intake) manifold of the engine, which leads to the following results:
- reduces the temperature of the air sucked into the engine, providing a dense incoming charge of the mixture.
- increases the oxygen content in the incoming charge (air contains only ~ 21 wt.% oxygen).
- increases the speed (intensity) of combustion in the engine cylinders.
In the food industry
In the food industry, the compound is registered as a food additive. E942like propellant and packing gas.
Storage
Storage: at room temperature indoors, away from fire.
see also
Literature
- Mashkovsky M. D. Nitrous oxide // Medicines. - Reference Mashkovsky on-line.
Navigation
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 Nitric Oxide (I) (N 2 O)
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 Nitric oxide (III) (N 2 O 3) |
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Nitrous oxide is obtained by heating dry ammonium nitrate. Decomposition begins at 170 degrees Celsius and is accompanied by heat. Therefore, in order to prevent it from leaking too violently, you should stop heating in time, decomposes with an explosion at temperatures above 300 ° C:
NH 4 NO 3 → N 2 O + 2H 2 O.
A more convenient way is to heat sulfamic acid with 73% nitric acid:
NH 2 SO 2 OH + HNO 3 (73%) → N 2 O + SO 2 (OH) 2 + H 2 O.
You can also take concentrated HNO 3 and ammonia, mix and heat.
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Application
It is used mainly as a means for inhalation anesthesia, mainly in combination with other drugs (due to an insufficiently strong analgesic effect). At the same time, this compound can be called the safest means for anesthesia, since after its use there are almost no complications. It is also sometimes used to improve the technical characteristics of internal combustion engines.
Means for inhalation anesthesia
Low concentrations of nitrous oxide cause a feeling of intoxication (hence the name “laughing gas”) and slight drowsiness. When inhaling pure gas, a state of drug intoxication quickly develops, and then asphyxiation. When mixed with oxygen, when properly dosed, it causes anesthesia without prior excitement and side effects. Nitrous oxide has a weak narcotic activity, and therefore it must be used in high concentrations. In most cases, combined anesthesia is used, in which nitrous oxide is combined with other, more powerful anesthetics, as well as muscle relaxants.
Nitrous oxide does not cause respiratory irritation. Being, in the process of inhalation, dissolved in blood plasma, practically does not change and is not metabolized, it does not bind to hemoglobin. After stopping inhalation, it is released (within 10-15 minutes) through the respiratory tract unchanged.
Anesthesia with nitrous oxide is used in surgical practice, operative gynecology, surgical dentistry, as well as for pain relief of labor. “Therapeutic analgesic anesthesia” (B.V. Petrovsky, S.N. Efuni) using a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen is sometimes used in the postoperative period for the prevention of traumatic shock, as well as for the relief of pain attacks in acute coronary insufficiency, myocardial infarction, acute pancreatitis and other pathological conditions, accompanied by pain that does not stop with conventional means.
Nitrous oxide is used in a mixture with oxygen using special devices for gas anesthesia. Usually start with a mixture containing 70-80% nitrous oxide and 30-20% oxygen, then the amount of oxygen is increased to 40-50%. If it is not possible to obtain the necessary depth of anesthesia, at a concentration of nitrous oxide of 70-75%, more powerful drugs are added: fluorotan, ether, barbiturates.
For more complete relaxation of muscles, muscle relaxants are used, while not only muscle relaxation is enhanced, but the course of anesthesia is also improved.
After stopping nitrous oxide supply, oxygen should be continued for 4-5 minutes to avoid hypoxia.
It is necessary to use nitrous oxide, like any remedy for anesthesia, with caution, especially with pronounced phenomena of hypoxia and impaired diffusion of gases in the lungs.
For labor pain relief they use the method of intermittent autoanalgesia using, using special anesthesia machines, a mixture of nitrous oxide (40-75%) and oxygen. The woman in labor begins to inhale the mixture when the precursors of the contractions appear and ends the inhalation at the height of the contractions or at the end of the contractions.
To reduce emotional arousal, to prevent nausea and vomiting and to potentiate the action of nitrous oxide, premedication by intramuscular administration of a 0.5% solution of diazepam (seduxen, sibazon) in an amount of 1-2 ml (5-10 mg), 2-3 ml 0, is possible. 25% droperidol solution (5.0-7.5 mg).
Therapeutic anesthesia with nitrous oxide (with angina pectoris and myocardial infarction) is contraindicated in severe diseases of the nervous system, chronic alcoholism, and intoxication (excitation, hallucinations are possible).
Release form: in metal cylinders with a capacity of 10 l under a pressure of 50 atm in a liquefied state. Cylinders are painted in gray color and have an inscription "For medical use".
In internal combustion engines
Nitrous oxide is sometimes used to improve the performance of internal combustion engines. In the case of automotive applications, a substance containing nitrous oxide and fuel are injected into the intake (intake) manifold of the engine, which leads to the following results:
- reduces the temperature of the air sucked into the engine, providing a dense incoming charge of the mixture.
- increases the oxygen content in the incoming charge (air contains only ~ 21 wt.% oxygen).
- increases the speed (intensity) of combustion in the engine cylinders.
In the food industry
In the food industry, the compound is registered as a food additive. E942like propellant and packing gas.
Storage
Storage: at room temperature indoors, away from fire.
References
- NITROXIDE AND HUMAN FATE // Science and Life, No. 7, 2001 (Retrieved May 20, 2009)
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
- Funny texts (psycholinguistics)
- Fun in Acapulco
See what "Laughing Gas" is in other dictionaries:
LAUGHING GAS - FUNNY GAS, a name denoting either pure nitrous oxide or a mixture of the latter with air, resp. from 02. Nitrous oxide, Nitrogenium oxydulatum N20; molecular weight 44, beats in. 1.524 (air 1); colorless gas, a faint pleasant smell and ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia
LAUGHING GAS - FUNNY GAS, see NITROGEN NITROGEN ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
What is laughing gas?
In the 18th century, American physicist Joseph Priestley discovered a new substance - nitrous oxide. The chemical reaction resulted in a substance heavier than air, which has a mild odor and a sweetish aftertaste. During the experiments, Priestley, acting on diluted nitric acid on copper, first received "Nitrate air" - nitric oxide NO(3Cu + 8HNO 3 \u003d 3Cu (NO3) 2 + 2NO + 4H 2 O), and already due to the process of NO reduction under the influence of moistened iron, nitrous oxide N 2 O (6NO + 2Fe + 3H 2 O \u003d 3N 2 O + 2Fe (OH) 3).
Nitrous oxide has found application in medicine, the automotive and food industries. Later, the substance was called “laughing gas”, and its specific properties caused the development of another area of \u200b\u200bsubstance abuse. Often, street hucksters inject nitrous oxide into balloons and sell this anesthetic drug under the guise of innocent colorful decorations for any occasion.
The chemical formula of nitric oxide
(he nitrogen oxide, nitrous oxide, diazot oxide) is a compound with the chemical formula N 2 O. In the drug environment (and sometimes in narcology and anesthesiology) it is called “laughing gas” because of its intoxicating effect. At room temperature, it is a colorless non-combustible gas.
The effects of nitrous oxide
Now you can buy laughing gas in specialized online stores with home delivery. This makes it possible for drug addicts to receive another portion of a dangerous substance, the consequences of which cannot be called cheerful:
- disorganization of mental activity;
- visual impairment;
- decreased muscle tone;
- hearing impairment;
- dystrophy of the spinal cord;
- megaloblastic anemia.
A fatal outcome is possible both with constant prolonged exposure to gas on the human body, and with a single overdose. Violations of brain activity and the functioning of the nervous system cannot be corrected. But, despite the irreversible consequences, dependence on nitrous oxide among young people takes place, and on an appalling scale. This is explained by the availability of the substance, the alleged safety and gamut of emotions received: uncontrolled and causeless laughter, relieving depression, neurosis, and the absence of pain.
Why was the gas called hilarious?
The name "laughing gas" was given to the substance by the English chemist Davy. He tried the action of nitrogen on himself. Inhalation of a small portion caused a feeling of light intoxication, agitation, physical activity. The increase in the maximum allowable amount of the substance led to an inexplicable laugh. Further action of the gas causes loss of consciousness and suffocation.
Why laughing gas is called safe. Use of nitrous oxide for anesthesia.
Initially, nitrous oxide was used exclusively in medicine. The substance is widely used in dentistry and gynecology. With the right proportions and in combination with oxygen, the laughing gas anesthetizes well and relieves nervous tension. These properties are necessary in the treatment, removal and prosthetics of teeth, as well as in active labor.
Initially, the substance was used without the addition of oxygen. It could be used only for 1-2 minutes, after which anoxia occurred, leading to the death of several patients. The fatal outcomes of using undiluted nitrous oxide led to the need to create a special apparatus that mixes the substance with oxygen.
Proper use of nitrous oxide does not cause side effects and does not harm the body. Gas is quickly removed naturally, returning to a person a normal perception of familiar things. The use in medicine made nitrous oxide safe according to ordinary people, experts have not fully studied the effect of the substance on the body, so it is freely available. The sale of laughing gas is accompanied by an advertising slogan about its safety, without specifying a “harmless” dose. This has led to the development of a new direction of substance abuse. Laughing gas with frequent use is a serious danger to humans, so calling it safe is reckless.
Gas for a "fun" addiction
Most narcotic substances are prohibited for distribution and use. But the drug market is developing so rapidly that the government does not have time to ban new products of psychotropic action. Laughing gas became attractive to drug addicts in the 19th century in Europe and the USA. It was used at youth private parties for mass entertainment. The substance came to Russia in the 20th century, when salts and spice became banned.
Laughing gas for sale in small cylinders. The substance is used for inhalation through balloons or sprayed indoors. The effect occurs immediately and passes within 10-15 minutes.
Signs of addiction
A drug addiction to laughing gas occurs after several doses. The substance has a psychotropic effect, there is an attraction to the substance. With the development of addiction, the addict has the following symptoms (similar to signs of substance abuse):
- dizziness;
- frequent causeless headaches;
- fear, insomnia;
- loss of consciousness;
- rampant laughter.
With prolonged intake of laughing gas, the addict's condition worsens, other signs of damage to the nervous system and brain appear:
- impaired vision and hearing (up to complete deafness);
- loss of memory, attention;
- emotional instability, nervousness;
- slurred speech.
It becomes difficult for a toxicomaniac to do the usual things; he cannot answer elementary questions. Damage to brain cells leads to suffocation, feeling fainting. There are clear signs of intoxication on the face: gray skin, faded eyes, halitosis and body odor.
At first, they manage to hide their dependence from relatives and friends. But with prolonged use of the substance, the disease becomes visible, drug addicts can gather in groups or sniff gas alone. The depression that arose at this time causes hallucinations, due to which the toxicomaniac leaves home.
You can also determine the dependence of the main symptoms of drug addiction: secrecy, depression, poor health, nervousness, lack of money.
A moment of humor:
Nitrous oxide: hidden danger
The above consequences of the dependence on laughing gas are among the main ones. But it is worth mentioning another danger lurking a toxicomaniac from the central nervous system during the formation of persistent dependence.
- The body experiences an acute shortage of oxygen, hypoxia occurs. This leads to hallucinations, the perception of the flower and sounds changes. The world around us becomes different, less realistic, a mania of persecution arises.
- The composition of the blood is changing. The level of leukocytes decreases, which leads to chronic hypoxia. Anemia occurs, the body's immune functions decrease. The toxicomaniac becomes susceptible to diseases of an infectious nature. Diseases are protracted, serious complications.
- The nervous system is affected. Inflammatory diseases are chronic. Sexual activity decreases, sensitivity to pain increases.
Often young people become participants in the so-called mass substance abuse. In closed clubs, laughing gas is sprayed into the air, which is the main feature of the party. This poses a threat to addiction, because giving up the second portion will already be difficult.
Experts believe that laughing gas should be banned for sale throughout the country. Nitrous oxide is a strong narcotic substance with a psychotropic effect and with a proven danger to health and life. And while it is in the free market, the number of drug addicts will increase rapidly, with young people aged 16 to 25 taking the lead.
Laughing gas (aka diazot oxide or nitrous oxide) was discovered in the middle of the 18th century by a physicist from the United States Joseph Priestley. Laughing gas is a volatile compound with a slightly sweet taste and delicate aroma. It has found application in various industries (automotive, medical, food).
But, due to the fact that nitrous oxide, a laughing gas, differs in specific properties from its “gas" counterparts, its use is quite original. Often this gas is used to pump harmless children's balls and sell them under the guise of beautiful accessories for the holidays. Nitrous oxide balls are very popular among certain individuals.
Laughing gas poses a threat to human health
Diazot oxide is obtained by exposure to copper of weakly concentrated sulfuric acid. Then, moistened iron is connected to the recovery process. Through a chemical reaction, an original substance appears with the chemical formula: N2O.
How laughing gas works
The name "laughing" connection was due to its special effect on the body. It provokes the appearance of the effect of intoxication and invigorating euphoria. Nitrous oxide is traditionally used in industrial and medical fields.. It is used in:
- cosmetic industry for the manufacture of perfumes;
- technical production as one of the components for combustible fuel;
- food industry in the manufacture of whipped cream, creams, pastils for cakes;
- quality of anesthesia (with serious surgical operations, there is always a balloon of laughing gas at the patient’s headboard).
Properties of an unusual substance
To understand what a laughing gas is, it is better to learn about its properties, which, incidentally, are far from a “laughing" character. Namely:
At the minimum dosage. Once in the body, even in a minimal amount, gas has a negative effect on the body. The human brain suffers, causing a sensation similar to a mild degree of intoxication. A person, having inhaled a little diazot oxide, feels a surge of vivacity and fun.
What threat is nitrous oxide?
In some cases, even short-term intake of laughing gas can cause loss of consciousness, headache and severe dizziness.
With prolonged use. When nitrous oxide is used regularly, the harm of laughing gas increases. The initial “optimistic” effect appears in the opposite position. In humans, it is noted:
- drowsiness;
- hearing impairment;
- unsteady gait;
- short-term amnesia;
- violation of speech functions;
- difficulty in thought processes.
The consequences of "gas contamination"
According to many ignorant people who think that a laughing gas is that it is a substance that simply changes the voice, making it funny and funny. They do not even represent the consequences of frivolous fun. And they “sit down” on joyful excitement, at the same time risking to face more than sad consequences:
- Megaloblastic anemia.
- Serious hearing problems.
- Degradation of the destruction of the spinal cord.
- Decrease in tone and dystrophy of muscle tissues.
- Rapid visual impairment, up to its complete loss.
All of these effects are irreversible. Moreover, death from a laughing gas can come to a person. Fatal outcome is possible even with short-term and small inhalation.
The hidden threat of "fun"
Nitrous oxide causes a very quick addiction (4-5 doses are enough for this). Such a chemical compound has a psychotropic effect on the central nervous system, provoking dependence. As it develops in humans, the following symptoms are noted:
- feeling of anxiety and fear;
- regular headaches;
- persistent dizziness.
A toxicomaniac without receiving the usual dose of laughing gas is not able to perform the usual actions, cannot even answer primitive questions. The growing degradation of brain cells provokes a deterioration in the general condition, taking place against the background of frequent loss of consciousness.
What causes the long-term use of laughing gas
The appearance of a person also changes: the skin acquires an earthy hue, the eyes grow dull, the toxicoman is pursued by an unpleasant smell from the skin and from the mouth. Another danger lies in wait for nitrous oxide - long-term use of gas destructively affects the central nervous system. The result is:
Hypoxia. The body, constantly experiencing a lack of oxygen, provokes the appearance of persistent hallucinations in humans. The ability to understand and distinguish colors, smells is changing. Destroyed taste buds. The reality becomes completely different, a person begins to persecute mania.
Blood composition. A persistent lover of breathing nitrous oxide changes the composition of the blood. There is a persistent drop in leukocyte level and the development of anemia. This leads to a strong weakening of the immune system and frequent infectious diseases. Ailments are continuous and poorly treatable, turning into a chronic degree.
Why is it "laughing"
This name was given to the gas compound by a British chemist Davy. He first experienced the effects of nitrous oxide. After feeling a little but pleasant intoxication and physical activity, a person is faced with an inexplicable and uncontrollable laugh. This effect is short-lived and ends after 10-15 minutes.
Forbidden or not laughing gas
Nitrous oxide can be obtained quite legally. It is not prohibited and freely sold in specialized stores or online stores. Such freedom allows toxic addicts to easily obtain another dose of a dangerous substance..
Nitrous oxide can be seen on sale in two forms. Laughing gas is a type of food nitrous oxide. A technical form of the connection is strictly forbidden to inhale.
Initially, nitrous oxide was used in its pure (technical) form without the inclusion of oxygen. If you start breathing such gas, then after a couple of minutes, a person develops anoxia (oxygen starvation), leading to death.
What to do
Proper use of laughing gas does not lead to sad consequences. It is quickly enough removed from internal organs and tissues in a natural way, without causing much trouble. Unfortunately, experts have not yet fully studied the harm caused by nitrous oxide. Therefore, laughing gas is on sale.
Symptoms of laughing gas poisoning
And what's more, it is touted as a fun party accessory. Such gas is acquired in cylinders and sprayed in ambient air. Such a “trick” poses a serious threat to fun people, because after the first tasting it will be difficult to refuse the next one.
The inhalation of laughing gas gave impetus to the emergence of a new direction of substance abuse. Nitrous oxide is a serious danger to humans, so you can not use it thoughtlessly.
Modern experts say with confidence that nitrous oxide should be completely banned from free sale and attribute this compound to psychotropic drugs. But while it is completely available for sale and the only thing you can rely on is the common sense and reason of a person. Do not risk your health!
Nitrogen Oxonitride (I) (diazot oxide, nitrous oxide, laughing gas) - compound with the chemical formula N 2 O. At normal temperature, it is a colorless non-combustible gas with a pleasant sweet smell and taste. Sometimes called "Laughing gas" due to its intoxicating effect.
Nitrous oxide possesses weak narcotic activity, and therefore it must be used in high concentrations.
Nitrous oxide sometimes used to improve the technical characteristics of internal combustion engines. In the case of automotive applications, a substance containing nitrous oxide and fuel are injected into the intake (intake) manifold of the engine, which leads to the following results:
- reduces the temperature of the air sucked into the engine, providing a dense incoming charge of the mixture.
- increases the oxygen content in the incoming charge (air contains only ~ 21 wt.% oxygen).
- increases the speed (intensity) of combustion in the engine cylinders.
How to get laughing gas at home?
Nitrous oxide does not cause respiratory irritation. Being, in the process of inhalation, dissolved in blood plasma, practically does not change and is not metabolized, it does not bind to hemoglobin. After stopping inhalation, it is released (within 10-15 minutes) through the respiratory tract unchanged.
If you still try to get nitrous oxide at home or buy it, then remember that inhaling one N 2 O will stop breathing. Not knowing chemistry at 5+ you can get NO - a strong poison that affects the central nervous system, as well as causing blood damage due to the binding of hemoglobin. Nitric oxide also has a relatively high toxicity (at a concentration above 0.05 mg / l) NO 2
Release form
In metal cylinders with a capacity of 10 l under a pressure of 50 atm in a condensed (liquid) state. The cylinders are painted gray and have the inscription “For medical use”.