The flag semaphore is intended for communication during daylight hours over a short distance, equal to 1-1.5 miles when received with the naked eye and with good visibility, and 2.5 miles when received with optical instruments and with good visibility. The exchange rate of a flag semaphore at the maximum range reaches 100-110 characters per minute. Communication with a flag semaphore is carried out only by words transmitted by letters.
Each letter of the Russian alphabet has a certain conventional sign assigned to it, depicted by a certain position of hands with flags. By sequentially depicting the signs of letters in the order of their order in the word, they are transmitted over a distance. Reception is based on the correct definition (reading) of words and sentences. Transmission and reception in this order of words and sentences constitute the process of communication by a flag semaphore. The conventional signs established for the letters of the alphabet are called the semaphore alphabet.
The flags used to communicate with the semaphore are made from a pole 45 cm long and 2.0–2.6 cm in diameter, a piece of fabric (staple or flag spirit) 30–35 cm in size is attached to one end of the pole. flags. To transmit a semaphore, the color of the flags is chosen depending on the background on which the communication is carried out: flags of light color (yellow, white) are used on a dark background, and dark ones (black, red) on a light background.
The Russian semaphore alphabet, compiled in accordance with the Russian alphabet, includes 29 alphabetic characters (front endpaper) and has features, the knowledge of which accelerates and ensures the process of mastering the technique of receiving and transmitting a flag semaphore. These include:
- the similarity of the image of the semaphore signs A, G, K, T, U with the image of these letters adopted in the Russian alphabet;
- the establishment of the same sign for pairs of letters EiE, IiY, bii (therefore, in the texts of semaphores, the letter E is written in the same way as E, the letter Y, like I, the soft sign, like a hard sign);
- pairwise symmetry in the image of semaphore signs A and U, B and D, C and D, E and C, F and H, K and X, L and M, H and O, P and R, F and S, C and C , W and W, Yu and Z. In addition, the signs V and G, Zh and Z, L and M, H and O, P and R, C and H, W and Shch, Yu and Z, symmetrical in the image, stand side by side in semaphore alphabet;
- semaphore signs E and C, Vi G, Ni O, II Y are depicted with one hand. In this case, the signs B, E, I (Y) and H are depicted with the right hand, and the signs C, G, O - with the left;
- in semaphore signs B and D, C and G, E and C, F and 3, L and M, H and O, P and R, C and H, W and W, Yu and I, which are pairwise symmetrical, the position of the flag of the right hand in the first character corresponds to the position of the flag of the left hand of the adjacent character.
Service signs of the Russian semaphore alphabet:
- call sign - to establish communication with a flag semaphore. It is given by waving semaphore flags raised above the head; at the same time, the position of the hands does not go beyond the boundaries established for the letter U;
- answer sign - to confirm the receipt of the call sign for communication (the call for communication is noticed), as well as to confirm each correctly received word during negotiations. It is given by waving semaphore flags facing down. Hands when waving should not go beyond the limits established for the letter A;
- repetition (error) sign - to request the repetition of an unaccepted word. It is given by lifting twice up the semaphore flags above the head, corresponding to the position of the hands for the sign b (b). It is used when transmitting text and as a sign of an error, followed by the transmission of the correct (corrected) word;
- waiting sign - if necessary, temporarily interrupt the transmission or reception of the semaphore. The signalman interrupting the transmission (reception) describes horizontal circles above his head with semaphore flags raised upwards;
- an end sign - in order to show that the transfer of a semaphore or negotiations is over. It is indicated by alternately raising up and lowering down the semaphore flags with the left and right hands several times;
— question mark — in cases where the transmitted semaphore text requires a response. It is indicated by the transfer twice of the sign corresponding to the letter T;
- a separating sign - when transmitting a signal consisting of several signal combinations, to separate one signal combination from another. It is indicated by raising the semaphore flags to the position corresponding to the sign b (b), and lowering them to the feet. This service sign is similar to the repetition sign, the only difference is that with the repetition sign, the semaphore flags rise up twice, with the dividing sign - once;
- a sign of impossibility of reception - to show the transmitting signalman that reception is impossible (signs are poorly visible), it is depicted by writing off one or two semaphore flags in one hand of three circles in a vertical plane.
The choice of a place for transmission by semaphore flags determines the quality of reception. Therefore, if necessary, the receiving signalman can indicate to the transmitting a place from which the transmission is better visible. For this purpose, additional service signs are used (Fig. 1.7):
- "Move to the right of me (receiving) side." It is done by a go-ahead 4-5 times to the right side by 90 ° with a semaphore flag stretched forward to a horizontal position, i.e., the sign corresponding to the letter B is repeated several times in a row;
Course programcSemaphore alphabet for summer practice in a cadet school grades 1-4.
Qtyhours
Introduction: "What is the semaphore alphabet and where is it used"
Students learn the basics of the semaphore alphabet, for what and where it is used. They also make their own flags.
Knowledgeable, creative
Dialog
Communication, knowledge
"Study of the first and second group of letters"
Knowledgeable, creative
Dialog
Communication, knowledge
Knowledgeable, creative
Dialog
Communication, knowledge
"The study of the third group of letters"
Students get acquainted with the letters that they show with both hands and with one hand. They also develop memory and attentiveness.
Knowledgeable, creative
Dialog
Communication, knowledge
Repetition and consolidation of the past.
Students consolidate their knowledge in pairs.
Knowledgeable, creative
Dialog
Communication, knowledge
"Study of the fourth group of letters"
Students get acquainted with the letters that they show with both hands and with one hand. They also develop memory and attentiveness.
Knowledgeable, creative
Dialog
Communication, knowledge
Repetition and consolidation of the past.
Students consolidate their knowledge in pairs.
Knowledgeable, creative
Dialog
Communication, knowledge
Final demonstration performance
Reporting lesson on the acquired skills of the semaphore alphabet.
Knowledgeable, creative
Dialog
Communication, knowledge
Semaphore alphabet course for elementary school
№Topic of the lesson
Number of hours
Meaning "Semaphore alphabet"
Learning the first and second group of letters
Learning the third group of letters
Learning the third group of letters
Study of the fourth group of letters
demonstration performance
Total
RUSSIAN FLAG Semaphore Alphabet
TARGETS AND GOALS:
To teach children the methods of transmitting and receiving texts through a flag semaphore;
To consolidate knowledge of the alphabet and the correct pronunciation of letters;
Increasing self-esteem of children due to the possession of new, unusual in everyday life, knowledge.
The study is conducted in three sessions, lasting 30 - 40 minutes.
To work out the material of each lesson, 2 lessons of ~ 30 minutes each for 2-3 days should be allocated daily.
1 LESSON.
INTRODUCTION.
A flag semaphore is the simplest means of visual communication during daylight hours over a short distance (with the naked eye - about 2 km, with the help of optical instruments - about 4 km). The Russian semaphore alphabet that exists today in the Navy was developed in 1895 by Vice Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov. The signalman is responsible for the transmission of information by semaphore alphabet on the ship; this specialty in the Navy was introduced in 1869.
The Russian semaphore alphabet is compiled in accordance with the Russian alphabet and includes 29 alphabetic characters. It does not contain numbers or punctuation marks. Their transfer is made by letters, words. For example, the number "7" will be conveyed by the word "seven", and the sign "," - by the word "comma".
Each letter corresponds to a certain position of the hands with flags. The conventional signs set for the letters of the alphabet are summarized in a table called the semaphore alphabet.
The transmission of information by a semaphore is carried out by signalmen using flags. The color of the fabric depends on the time of day: at dusk or against a dark sky, flags with a light-colored fabric (yellow, white) are used, and during daylight hours - with a dark-colored fabric (red, black). In the absence of flags - semaphores with peakless caps. The average transmission speed of a flag semaphore by a trained signalman is 60-80 characters per minute.
For ease of study, the semaphore alphabet is divided into several groups.
First group of letters
- is shown by the symmetrical position of both hands, facing the children. Children repeat simultaneously with the teacher, repeating the sounds of letters.
Image of lettersBUT T At similar to their spelling in Russian.
For pictureb b
the same sign.
Second group of letters
- is shown with one hand, first with his back to the children, then with his face.
H AT E E I Y - depicted with the right hand
moreoverthe pairs of letters E - E, I - Y have the same semaphore sign.
O
G
FROM
-
shown with the left hand.
The signs B and G, H and O, symmetrical in image, stand side by side in the semaphore alphabet.
The show is repeated several times.
At the end of the lesson, the teacher offers the reading of words consisting of the letters of the first and second groups. Shows the teacher.
LEG
cotton wool
SETTI
SPRING
VIY
SHADOW
NEGA
GOTIS
BUSTLE
THE WEIGHT
THERE IS
NIVA
VAYGA
AGONA
GIG
GIGA
DEMOLITION
NET
WANGA
THE WEIGHT
NAST
VAGA
NEWS
SUCKER
VIV
GOT
SCREW
HARBOR
HANG
fire
NIVA
THERE IS
THE FIRE
SURGERY
ARIA
PILES
PUMP
PUMP
FLINT
A THREAD
THE LIGHTS
AGENT
VATAGA
OSTOV
SNOW
CIS
Tackle
PINE
NIGHTS
AUTUMN
HAY
THE GUEST
SEL
TAIGA
The methods of transmission and reception of words consisting of letters of the first and second groups are worked out in pairs. First - repeating the display of letters, then - reading words. The teacher should stock up on a large number of cards with words (5-10 words per card). You can offer a game to make sentences from words consisting of letters of the first and second groups. For example: “We have autumn”, “Nastya has a guest”, “Spring is in the taiga”, etc.
2 ACTIVITY.
Children stand in 2 - 3 lines in a checkerboard pattern, at a distance of arms extended to the sides. The teacher stands so that everyone can see him (preferably on a dais).
Third group of letters - are shown with both hands, first turning their backs to the children, so that it is clearer how the letter is shown, then - with their face, so that it is clear how it looks. The position of the hands is spoken.
This group is characterized by pairwise symmetry in the image of semaphore signs.
F-Z
L-M P-R F-S
C - W W - W
In addition, almost all of these signs stand side by side in the semaphore alphabet.
The show is repeated several times.
To consolidate, the children are divided into pairs and turn to face each other. The teacher calls the letters, the children show them, looking at each other. In this case, not only the display of letters is memorized, but their perception. The teacher, if necessary, suggests the correctness of the image.
At the end of the lesson, the teacher offers the reading of words consisting of the letters of the first, second and third groups. Shows the teacher.
SUMMER
MOUNTAIN
THEATRE
CORKSCREW
HORN
WINTER
UMBRELLA
THE BEAST
BELT
NOSE
RAFT
TABLE
ALLOY
CUT
HUM
SEA
MOTHER
FATHER
SPONSOR
SPOR
SLIP
PROA
TRAWL
SHIPYARD
GUARI
LAT
PIER
VORST
IOL
REY
STAG
RAFT
LADDER
TOP
MARS
TACK
NIRAL
PONTO
LAS
TENCH
PERTS
SLING
FAL
TONGUE
REPRISE
REMU
RELAY
BELT
RELINSH
STOPPER
VERP
ALLOY
FREEZING
HAMMER
Practicing methods of transmission and reception of words consisting of letters of the first, second and third groups is carried out in pairs. First - repeating the display of letters, then - reading the words on the cards.
You can offer a game to compose small texts of 2-3 sentences on a given or free topic, consisting of letters of the first, second and third groups.
You can increase the distance in a pair up to 10 meters. Change the composition of the pairs until the “ideal” pairs are selected.
3 ACTIVITIES.
Children stand in 2 - 3 lines in a checkerboard pattern, at a distance of arms extended to the sides. The teacher stands so that everyone can see him (preferably on a dais).
Signsfourth group of letters
are also pairwise symmetrical, shown with two hands, both hands are on one side of the body, first turning their backs to the children, so that it is clearer how the letter is shown, then with the face, so that it is clear how it looks. The position of the hands is spoken.
B - D, X - K, Yu - Z
Repeat show.
Fixing the display and memorizing the image of letters in pairs.
Reading words.
PAIN
SLOOP
FRACTION
BAY
HOUSE
HORSERADISH
CLOT
CABIN
SKAFO
DAU
SHEET
MOLE
HOOK
ANCHOR
KOF
HAND
RUMB
GOOD
BLIND
CUBE
BULB
SHNYAK
HOOKER
SAVAGE
YULA
YACHT
HAWSE
BERRY
CUP
KETCH
HOLD
DREK
STERN
LOVE
YMB
BAYONET
CADET
LUGER
COCKPIT
GIK
PANTS
BONET
BOAT
ROWAN
HAKE
CHICS
COLD
FIGHT
DYAGEL
Testing is carried out in pairs at a distance of up to 50 meters.
The result of the training is the holding of competitions within the detachment. Pairs are formed at will. Participants who have not chosen a pair for themselves can show their achievements in a pair with a teacher.
The goal of learning is achieved if each child can, in varying degrees of skill, at different speeds, transmit and receive a simple text.
Back in 1857, the “Code Signal System for the Merchant Marine” was developed. Thus, 18 flags from this document were actively used by such countries as Britain, Canada, the USA and France. In 1887, the "Commercial Marine Code Signal System" was renamed the "International Code of Signals" (ICC), which has survived to this day. It is used by many countries of the world, but recently flag signaling has been increasingly replaced by light signaling in the Navy. For example, in the Russian Navy, flag signaling was completely replaced by light in 2012.
The International Code of Signals (ICC) is a reference book divided into three independent blocks. The first and main block contains 26 letter flags, the second block is represented by ten digital flags, and the third smallest block represents three replacement flags. MSS is intended: firstly, to transmit a message, the desired text is selected from the set of signals, and the signal combinations of flags opposite the text are recorded, the signals are single-flag, two-flag and three-flag, and there are also four-flag signals (as a rule, they inform about the nationality of the vessel ), then the final phase follows, the signalman picks up the required set of signal flags and hangs them on special fasteners - halyards.
The signalman of the receiving vessel, writes the observed combinations on paper, and finds their meanings in the MCC, this code is currently represented by the ten most common languages of the world. With the help of MSS, the emerging language difficulties of communication are overcome. The range of flag signaling with good visibility reaches 4-5 nautical miles. Currently, ship flags of this purpose are made in accordance with current standards - from nylon fabrics. In addition, the MSS gives instructions for using the code (explanations and general remarks, definitions, and signaling methods, as well as the rules for producing signals by means of flag signaling), the MCC contains Morse code and procedural signals, single-letter signals (tables of color images of the flags of the code, arranged in order of the Latin alphabet), the general section (two-letter signals of the Latin alphabet) and the medical section (in the tables of additions, the designations of the affected parts of the body, a list of common diseases, a list of medicines are given). At the end of the MSS there is an alphabetical index of defining words to the general and medical sections. Separately, in the tabs for hanging in a conspicuous place, distress and rescue signals are given for each book.
The MSS serves mainly to communicate with foreign ships and vessels in a situation of increased danger and ensure the safety of navigation and the protection of human life at sea, the MSS is the best suited in cases of language difficulties in communication between representatives of different states. It is built on the principle that each signal has a complete semantic meaning. In some cases, digital additions are used to expand the value of the main signal. As a general rule, only one flag signal should be raised at a time.
A (Az) - the literal value of the first flag in the list of literal flags of the MCC, according to the code of the Navy, the definition of the signal is as - “No, I do not agree. I have not. I don't allow it." Raised simultaneously with the signal, but separate from it, gives the signal a negative value. According to the international code of signals, flag "A" means: "I am doing a speed test."
This signal flag is a red flag with a white rectangle over it.
According to the current MSS, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like A-A (Alfa, Alpha), is a white and blue triangular flag with two pigtails and has the meaning "I lowered the diver, keep your distance and pass at low speed."
B (Buki) - the literal meaning of the second flag related to the code of signals of the Navy and MSS. The meaning of the signal of this flag, translated from the naval code, means - “Anchor”, “More move” (if the ships are on the move) or “Set the move” (if the cars are stalled). According to the MCC, flag "B" means: "I am loading or unloading explosives."
Flag "B" was a white triangle with a red circle in the middle.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like B-B (Bravo, Bravo), is a red triangular flag with two pigtails and has the meaning "I am loading, or unloading, or carrying dangerous goods."
B (Vedi) - the literal meaning of the third flag in the alphabet of the literal flags of the naval and international codes of signals. According to the code of the Navy, this flag signals danger - "The course leads to danger." According to the MSS, the flag "B" means: "Yes" (affirmative).
Flag "B" (Vedi) was a "triple triangle" blue triangle with two triangles inside it, white and red.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like V-B (Whiskey, Whiskey), is a rectangular blue with a white rectangle in the center, on which a small red rectangle is superimposed and has the meaning "Medical assistance required".
G (Verb) - this flag belongs to the category of alphabetic flags of the codes of signals of the Navy and MSS. The exact meaning of this flag, as a signal, according to the code of the Navy is branded. It is kept by ships (vessels) occupying a guard post. According to the code of the MCC, "G" means "Keep some distance from me, I maneuver with difficulty."
The flag "G" was a blue triangle.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like this G - G (Golf, Golf), is a flag of yellow and blue vertical stripes (already in the table of 1901); apparently, this flag meant that the row of signal flags following it conveys the phrase "by telegraph", i.e. one flag corresponds to one letter, and has the meaning "I need a pilot."
D (Good) (Affirmative) - the literal meaning of this signal refers to the letter flags of the naval and international codes of signals. The meaning of this flag, according to the code of the Navy, is interpreted as - "Yes, I agree, I allow." According to the MSS, the flag "D" means: "I am changing my course to starboard."
Flag "D" (good) is a flag of yellow color, rectangular shape.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like D - D (Delta, Delta), is a flag of yellow, blue and yellow horizontal stripes and has the meaning "Keep your distance, I maneuver with difficulty."
E (Yes) - the literal meaning of the flag of the codes of signals of the Navy and MCC, the flag "E" according to the international code of signals means: "My ship has lost the ability to control. Connect with me."
In the Navy of the USSR, the "E" signal was a triangular yellow flag with a blue border, and earlier, in 1901-1911, this signal was designated as a yellow flag with a longitudinal blue stripe and two pigtails.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like E-E (Echo, Eco), is a flag of blue and red horizontal stripes and has the meaning "I'm turning right."
Zh (Live) - a letter value belonging to one of the 26 letter signal flags of the Navy and MSS codes. Flag "Ж" according to the MCC means: "Need a pilot."
In the Navy of the USSR, the signal "Ж" was a square white flag with a red rhombus. At the beginning of the twentieth century 1901-1911, this flag was a red triangular shape with three longitudinal white stripes.
According to the current MSS, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like V-Zh (Victor, Vikta), is a white flag with a red oblique cross and has the meaning "Please help."
З (Earth) - the literal value of one of the signal flags of the codes of the Navy and MSS. The meaning of the signal given in the code of the Navy: "Give reverse." Flag "Z" according to the MCC means: "I have a pilot on board."
According to the current MSS, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like Z-Z (Zulu, Zulu), is a white flag, divided by an oblique cross into yellow, black, blue and red triangles, has the meaning “I need a tug”.
And (Izhe) - the literal meaning of the signal flag from the codes of the Navy and MSS. Flag "I" according to the international code of signals means: "I am changing my course to the left."
The "I" signal was in the form of a triangular flag of yellow and red halves, in 1901-1911, this signal was indicated by a triangular flag, red with a white circle in the center. Its meaning was "I see clearly".
According to the current, MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like I-I (India, India), is a yellow rectangle flag with a black circle and has the meaning "I'm changing course."
K (Kako) - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the code of the Navy and MSS. Its value according to the code of the Navy is "I can not be controlled." According to the MCC code, the flag "K" means: "I'm going to make a message on the semaphore."
The "K" signal looked like a rectangle of blue and red horizontal stripes. In the code of signals of 1901-1911, this signal was indicated by a flag with a red field and a white vertical stripe. Its meaning was "I see clearly"
According to the current MSS, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like this K-K (Kilo, Kilo), is a square white and red vertical flag, and has the meaning "I want to contact you."
Y - The sign "Y" did not exist in the MSS. In the code of signals of the Navy, this flag meant "Discovered a mine." It is a white flag with a black triangle in the middle and with pigtails on the edge, in the table of 1911. the letter "Y" corresponds to a red triangular pennant with a white cross.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like J - Y (Juliett, Juliet), is a square flag of blue, white and blue horizontal stripes and has the meaning "I have a dangerous cargo on board."
L (People) - the literal value of the 12th signal flag from the list of literal flags of the codes of the Navy and MSS. The meaning of this flag, as a signal according to the naval code: "Keep to the left." 2. "I'm turning left." Flag "L" according to the MSS means: "Stop your ship immediately."
The "L" flag is a white rectangular flag with a red cross in the middle.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like L-L (Lima, Lima), is a square flag of two black and two yellow rectangles and has the meaning "Stop immediately."
M (Thought) - the literal meaning of the signal flag from the codes of the Navy and MSS. The value of this flag according to the code of signals of the Navy as a signal is 1. "Decrease speed." 2. "Gave a small move." Flag "M" by MSS means: "Stop. I have an important message."
This flag is a rectangular panel with a "chessboard" image with white and red squares arranged in a checkerboard pattern.
According to the current MSS, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like this M - M (Mike, Mike), is a square blue flag with a white oblique cross and has the meaning "I stopped moving."
H (Our) - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the Navy and MSS. Its meaning as a signal according to the code of signals of the Navy is “I am loading a military reserve” (explosives and flammable substances). According to the MCC, the flag "H" means: "I have a doctor on board."
The letter signal "H" was a red flag.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like N-H (November, November), is a square flag with four white and four blue squares staggered and has the value "No".
O (He) - the literal meaning of the signal flag, from the codes of the Navy and MSS. According to the code of the Navy, the meaning of this flag is “Follow me”, and according to the code of the MCC - “I ask permission ...”.
The letter signal "O" was a yellow triangle with a red vertical stripe. In the code of signals of 1901-1911, this signal was indicated by a white triangular pennant with five vertical blue stripes.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like this O-O (Oscar, Oska), is a flag divided diagonally into red and yellow triangles and has the meaning "Man overboard".
P (Peace) - the literal meaning of the signal flag, from the codes of the Navy and MCC. According to the code of the Navy, the meaning of this flag as a signal "Keep to the right", "I'm turning right", and according to the code of the MCC - means: in the harbor: "Everyone must be on board , as the vessel is soon removed"; at sea: "My nets caught on an obstacle."
The letter signal "P" was a rectangle with two vertical stripes of yellow and blue.
According to the current MSS, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like P-P (Papa, Papa), is a square flag with a white square superimposed on it and has the meaning "The ship is going to sea, report to everyone on arrival." In the 18th century, this flag was also known as the "Blue Peter" (Blue Repeater), it was used if you need to ask to repeat a poorly understood signal.
R (Rtsy) - the literal meaning of the flag of the Navy and MSS. Its meaning according to the code of the Navy: "Ship on duty". This flag (small) is hoisted on the left yard of the ship on duty from sunrise to sunset (at night, a blue light is worn on the same yard of the ship). According to the MCC, the flag "P" means: "My ship is not moving; you can carefully pass me."
According to the current MSS, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like this R - P (Romeo, Roumio), is a square red flag with a yellow Scandinavian cross, the flag has no specific meaning.
C (word) - - the letter meaning of this signal refers to the letter flags of the naval and international codes of signals. The code of signals of the Navy gives an interpretation of this signal as follows - "stop the cars, stalled the cars." According to the MCC flag, the "C" flag means: "My machines are running full speed backwards."
Signal flag "C" is a blue rectangle with a white oblique cross.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like this S - C (Sierra, Sierra), is a square white flag with a blue square superimposed on the middle and has the meaning "After the stern of my ship, the propellers will now work."
T (Firmly) - the literal value of one of the literal signal flags from the code of signals of the Navy and MSS. The MSS "T" flag means "Don't cross my course (don't pass under my nose)".
Signal flag "T" - a flag of two black and two yellow rectangles arranged in a checkerboard pattern.
According to the current MSS, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like T-T (Tango, Tango), is a square flag of vertical red, white and blue stripes and has the meaning "Stay away from me, I'm carrying a trawl."
Y - the literal meaning of the signal flag from the codes of the Navy and MSS. The meaning of this flag in the code of signals of the Navy and the MCC is "I'm in distress." Rising on a hafel under a stern flag. Flag "Y" according to the MSS means: "You are going to danger."
The signal flag "U" is a trapezoidal pennant with three red and two white stripes arranged alternately.
According to the current MSS, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like U-U (Uniform, Uniform), it is a square flag of two red and two white squares staggered and has the meaning "You are going towards danger."
F - Firth - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the navy and the international codes of signals. The value of this flag, according to the code of the Navy as a signal, is canceling. Raised without a signal, cancels the previous signal. Raised simultaneously with the signal, but separately from it, cancels the raised signal, and according to the MSS, the flag "F" means: "I'm out of control. Keep in touch with me."
Signal flag "F" was a yellow triangular flag with a black circle. In the code of signals of 1901-1911, this signal was indicated by a yellow rectangular flag with a blue rectangle in the center.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like F-Ф (Foxtrot, Foxtrot), is a square white flag with a red diamond. and has the meaning "I have lost control and communication."
X (Xa) - the literal meaning of the flag of the Navy and MSS. Flag "X" according to the MCC means: "I have a pilot on board."
In the Soviet Navy "X" denoted a white flag with a red cross. In the earlier times of the existence of the Russian Empire, this flag had an additional function and, in addition to the letter meaning "X", it was also called "Prayer" and meant "Worship on the ship."
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like H-X (Hotel, Hotel), is a square flag divided vertically into white and red halves and has the meaning "I have a pilot on board."
Ts (Tse) - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the naval and international codes of signals. The meaning of this flag according to the naval code is as a signal to "Return". Flag "C" according to the international code of signals means: "Yes (affirmative)".
Flag "Ts" - its appearance is a rectangular tricolor of red-yellow-blue colors.
According to the current, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like C-Ts (Charlie, Charlie), is a square flag divided horizontally into blue, white, red, white and blue colors and has the meaning "Yes".
H (Worm) - the literal meaning of the flag of the Navy and MSS. The meaning of this flag as a signal according to the code of the Navy means: "Man overboard." At the second value, it rises simultaneously with a cannon shot or with a series of short beeps; the stern flag is flown at half mast.
Flag "Ch" - is a rectangular blue flag with a quadrangular "diamond" sign in the middle.
Ш (Sha) - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the Navy. MCC does not have this flag. It means "Get full speed".
The "Sh" flag is the literal meaning of one of the Navy's flags. MCC does not have this flag. It is a white rectangular canvas with five blue squares depicted on it in a checkerboard pattern.
According to the current MCC, this literal value of the flag is absent.
Shch (Shcha) In the Soviet Navy, "Sch" denoted a white triangular flag with a red cross. In the Russian Empire, the letter "Sh" was designated by another flag - white and red, which later became the "executive flag".
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like this Q - Щ (Quebec, Kebek) is a square yellow flag and has the meaning "Everyone is healthy on my ship, please release me from quarantine."
Ъ - the literal value of one of the flags of the code of signals of the Navy. There is no Kommersant Flag in MCC.
Flag "Ъ" sign was a triangular two-stripe flag (black and white stripes).
According to the current MCC, this literal value of the flag is absent.
Ery (S) - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the code of signals of the Navy. There is no "Y" flag in MCC.
The flag "Y" was a black canvas, divided by a white bold oblique line.
According to the current MSS, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like Y-Y (Yankee, Yankee) is a square flag with red oblique stripes on a yellow background and has the meaning "I raise the anchor."
b - the literal value of one of the flags of the code of signals of the Navy. There is no "b" flag in MCC.
The flag "b" was a triangle with a blue wide stripe at the left edge (base).
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like X-b (X-ray, Exrey) is a square white flag with a blue Scandinavian cross and has the meaning "Stop doing what you are doing.".
E - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the code of signals of the Navy. There is no Flag "E" in MCC. E or E is reverse.
The flag "E" was a rectangular canvas with alternating stripes of blue, white, red, white and blue.
According to the current MCC, this literal value of the flag is absent.
Yu or Yula - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the code of signals of the Navy. There is no "U" flag in MSS. Yu or Yula no signals.
The Yu flag was a rectangular white canvas with a red oblique cross.
According to the current MCC, this literal value of the flag is absent.
Ya or Yako - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the code of signals of the Navy. There is no "I" flag in MSS. I or Yako no signals.
The flag "I" was a rectangular red canvas with a yellow Scandinavian cross.
According to the current MCC, this literal value of the flag is absent.
Digital flags of the code of signals of the USSR:
One (1) - white and blue triangular flag with two braids;
Two (2) - a blue triangular flag with a white circle;
Three (3) - a triangular flag of red, white and blue vertical stripes;
Four (4) - red triangular flag with a white cross;
Five (5) - a triangular flag of vertical yellow and blue stripes;
Six (6) - a flag divided diagonally into red and yellow triangles;
Seven (7) - a flag of vertical red, white and blue stripes;
Eight (8) - a flag of four red and white rectangles;
Nine (9) - white flag with a blue cross;
Ten (10) - a flag divided by an oblique cross into yellow, black, blue and red triangles.
Additional signs of the code of signals of the USSR:
1st additional - a red rectangle with a white border on a blue background;
2nd additional - red oblique stripes on a yellow background;
3rd additional - according to the drawing, it repeats the guis of the Russian fleet, has a white border;
4th additional - four-part white-black-red-yellow triangular flag;
Special signs of the code of signals of the USSR
- guis - repeated the guis of the USSR Navy (in the Russian Empire, of course, the imperial guis was used);
- gas - a black flag with a red triangle with a white border;
- smoke - a white triangular flag with a black horizontal stripe;
- telegraphic - a flag of yellow and blue vertical stripes (already available in the table of 1901); apparently, this flag meant that the row of signal flags following it conveys the phrase "by telegraph", i.e. one flag corresponds to one letter.
- boat - a blue flag with a white rectangle in the center (already available in the table of 1901);
- air - a white flag with a blue rectangle in the center;
- nord - a white flag with a red triangle on top;
- south - a white flag with a black triangle below;
- ost - white flag with a black rhombus;
- west - a flag divided by an oblique cross into red and white triangles;
- interrogative - a flag of yellow, blue and yellow horizontal stripes. In the Russian Empire (data from 1911), the interrogative flag was different - a long blue pennant with a white circle at the luff.
- reciprocal - a red trapezoidal pennant with a white circle;
the return flag is hoisted by the ship to half, if the signal intended for it is seen. When the signal is deciphered, the response flag is raised "to the place." - executive - a flag divided vertically into white and red halves
Digital flags of the code of signals MSS:
1 (unaone, unauan) - a white pennant with a red circle;
2 (bissotwo, bissotu) - a blue pennant with a white circle;
3 (terrathree, teratri) - pennant of red, white and blue vertical stripes;
4 (kartefour, kartefour) - a red pennant with a white cross;
5 (pantafive, pantafive) - pennant of vertical yellow and blue stripes;
6 (soxisix, soxisix) - a pennant of horizontal black and white stripes;
7 (setteseven, setesevn) - a pennant of horizontal yellow and red stripes;
8 (oktoeight, oktoeyt) - a white pennant with a red cross;
10 (nadazero, nadazero) - a yellow pennant with a red vertical stripe.
There are also three "replacement" pennants.
1st substitute (1st substitute) - yellow with a blue border;
2nd substitute (2nd substitute) - blue-white;
3rd substitute (3rd substitute) - white with a black horizontal stripe.
The signal flags of the Navy of the Russian Federation for the most part repeat by analogy the flags of the code of signals of the USSR Navy. The differences are very minor.
Until recently, the semaphore alphabet was included in the training course for communications specialists, and few people remember what it is today. It seems that it is somehow connected with the transmission of information over long distances, but it is not clear how exactly these same data were delivered, received and processed.
Most Valuable Resource
With the development of civilization, it became clear that the most important thing is information:
- Only those who have exhaustive information on their issue can hope for success;
- Timely delivered news can change the course of history;
- Various speculations are possible only with a high level of understanding of the situation;
- An elementary connection between two people separated by distance is impossible without the latest inventions;
- For some information, people are ready to give everything they have.
Possession of information helps to "rise" above the crowd. Most people have to produce, create and sell something. Some manage to distribute information and direct the flow of resources.
But even without ambition, it will not be possible to bypass the topic of communication. If earlier a letter from one city to another took weeks, today the addressee can receive a message already one second after sending.
It became possible to have a real-time dialogue between people thousands of kilometers away from each other. A few centuries ago, this plot was almost the main theme of fantastic works, today it is a banal reality.
Semaphore telegraph
The idea of transferring data with optical signs first appeared in antiquity - the population of North and South America used fires and knot writing to inform neighbors.
Similar practices were used in Asia, the most famous example being the Great Wall of China. Given the length, it was not possible to report raids and other incidents with the help of messengers.
But the real heyday of the semaphore business began in Europe in the 18th century:
- The first mechanisms used visible figures;
- By the end of the century, a semaphore with movable bars had already been patented;
- In the same century, its optical counterpart appeared;
- Even today on every road we can see their descendants - traffic lights.
There is nothing complicated in the very principle of work:
- Along the busiest tracts, on the hills, semaphore towers are being erected;
- All buildings are in the line of sight, so that in any weather, workers can receive and send signals;
- Information is transmitted along the chain, from one tower to another;
- The operator must receive the message, write it down and pass it on to the next operator who will do the same amount of work;
- There was a special encoding (alphabet) for decoding the received signals.
Cipher for data transmission
The semaphore alphabet gained the greatest popularity thanks to the navy:
- Ships need to exchange information regularly;
- Any change of route must be reported to all allied ships;
- During the conduct of hostilities, the commander-in-chief must coordinate the actions of the entire squadron from one ship;
- For centuries, this type of communication remained the only possible one.
Today, all ships are equipped with the latest technology, allowing you to contact anyone - both at sea and on land. But our ancestors could not afford such a luxury and solved problems in a different way.
Was developed special alphabet, which consisted of 29 letters:
- The same signal corresponded to the soft and hard signs;
- "E", "E" and "E" were transmitted in the same way;
- No one made a distinction between "I" and "Y";
- All words were spelled out, including punctuation marks and numbers;
- Two flags or caps were used for signals.
The speed of obtaining information
Suddenly, for the whole world and for himself, a person “burst” into the wave range. From this point on, the need for line of sight has disappeared:
- It was possible to send messages over arbitrarily long distances;
- A "live" dialogue between people located in different countries became possible;
- Each house has its own “window to the new world”;
- Today, the ability to freely communicate and transmit data over vast distances is taken for granted.
If tomorrow we are left without the Internet, radio and telephony, the day after tomorrow the existing way of life will collapse. To exist at such a slow pace, in which our ancestors lived for centuries, modern man just not used to. And it's not even about some emotional suffering.
Basic coordination of production, procurement and supply of essential goods will become impossible. Too large volumes and too few opportunities for data transfer. Hunger riots due to a “broken phone”, who would have thought.
semaphore message
The principle of data transmission "in the line of sight" has been known since antiquity, but the real need for this option arose only in the 18th century. Since then, semaphore telegraphs and the alphabet known in our time have existed:
- A chain of towers was built on the hills;
- With the help of light signals or changing the position of the planks, information was transmitted from one building to another;
- Having gone all the way, the data found the final addressee, much faster than a letter or a messenger.
The semaphore alphabet was actively used in the Navy:
- Helped to transfer information from one ship to another;
- Prior to ubiquity, radio was the only communication option;
- Signals were given with the help of flags;
- Experienced signalers transmitted at least 10 words per minute;
- A long campaign of the flotilla without such coordination was impossible.
Today, all this may seem slightly comical or even ridiculous. Just think, technological progress - waving flags or building towers in a row. Even a caveman could have thought of this before. But at that moment it was a major step forward. And given where it led - to modern technology, the step was quite good.
For the majority, the phrase semaphore alphabet remains something incomprehensible, that only people with a really broad outlook can tell it.
Video: how did the semaphore alphabet work?
In this video, Vasily Timofeev will tell you how the semaphore alphabet appeared, how it was used in the fleet in Russia and other countries:
The maritime borders are guarded by the navy. The fleet is made up of ships. But no matter how many ships come together, it's still not a fleet. The navy is ships, soldered together by a single will, connected by a single goal, solving a common big task. The admiral gives a combat order - the ships execute it.
In a naval battle, the most important thing is communication. It is worth losing communication, and the connection of ships turns into a bunch of ships incapable of combat.
Now ships can communicate by radio at any moment. And how was communication maintained in battle when there was no radio? After all, there were big naval battles even then.
You can't send a messenger with a package by sea. But on the other hand, wherever the ship stands, it is visible from all sides for many kilometers. So the sailors came up with the idea of talking at sea with flags and lights. We agreed, for example, as follows: such and such a flag on the mast means "forward." Such and such is "fire on the enemy," and such and such is "man overboard." Comfortable. But the more difficult naval battles became, the more difficult it became to control the ships. Indeed, for each case, you need to come up with your own flag, your own signal, but it’s not enough to come up with it, you still need to remember it!
And many years ago, they came up with this: one flag was assigned to each letter of the alphabet. And when it was necessary to give the command “Forward”, they raised the flags: “B” above, “P” below it, “E” below it, “R” below it, etc. But such negotiations were painfully slow: until you type a word from the letters-flags, you will raise it, lower it, and you will type a new word ... But even here they found a way out: they agreed in advance, for each case, which letter (which flag) means. Thirty-six letters is already thirty-six different teams. And you can raise both two-flag and three-flag signals ... And each of them also means some kind of command.
But you can't remember all the signals! Here are the signal books. All signals are in them: they are selected in the order of the letters of the alphabet.
The signalman will see the flags on the neighbor's mast and, if he does not remember the meaning of this signal, he opens the book to parse the signals, looking in it, as in a dictionary, D ... DU ... DU. Here, I found it. Next to these letters is written: "I wish you a happy voyage."
You have to answer thank you. The signalman is looking in another book for parsing signals, where the words and commands are selected in order, the word "thank you." Found, and against this word there are three letters: "AKE". They will be raised on the mast.
But there are also such signals that every signalman should know by heart. These are signal flags of the Russian Navy. Each such flag means a letter (or number), but they are called not just the letters of the Russian alphabet, but the letters of the Slavic alphabet.
- Why? you ask.
But why. The chief will tell you: “Raise Ve,” and you will hear: “Raise Fe”; he will say: "Raise Bae", - and it will seem to you: "Raise Pe" ... So it won't be long to confuse. And if they say: "Raise Lead, raise Buki", then you can't go wrong.
To make it easier to remember the simplest, most important signals, we have chosen them in such a way that the letter somehow resembles the meaning of the command. Here, for example, "L" - "Keep to the left"; "P" - "Keep to the right"; "T" - "Keep it up"; "D" - "Good", "Yes. I agree. I allow." We got so used to this signal in our fleet that the very word "good" began to be used as consent and permission, and even this word migrated from the fleet to land.
But there are also signals that do not resemble what they are talking about. Signalers have to memorize these signals firmly, like a multiplication table.
"Az" - "I do not agree, I do not allow." "Yes" - "What happened?". "Kako" - "I can not control." "Our" - "I am loading the combat reserve."
You cannot remember all the signals, even single-flag ones, and this, perhaps, is not necessary yet. But if you remember some of them, it's already good! You can transmit the most important commands and orders over long distances.
There are ships from different countries in the sea. Each country has its own language. And here, too, the flag conversation helps: in all languages, the combination of certain flags (these flags are the same as we have in the Navy) means the same thing.
Suppose an accident happened on our ship - a surgeon is needed. And we are standing in a Japanese port, where no one knows a word of Russian. We look in the book, we look for the words "surgeon", "necessary". In our opinion, these are two three-flag signals: "irg" and "zhe". We raise these flags on two halyards. And it does not matter how the word "surgeon" sounds in Japanese and how the word "necessary" sounds in Japanese. But in a Japanese book for parsing signals against these flags, it also says - "We need a surgeon." It's great, right?
But there is nothing particularly surprising. After all, there are other signals that people all over the world understand without knowing the language. The red signal of a traffic light means "Stop!" in all cities of the world.
There is no place to raise flags on a small boat. But in this case, sailors and two flags are enough. There is a signaling method, which is called "Semaphore". Each letter in such a semaphore corresponds to a certain position of the hands with flags. And if both signalers, both transmitting and receiving, firmly know the semaphore alphabet, then they can communicate very quickly - up to a hundred or more characters per minute.
If you want to become a military sailor, learn to look around vigilantly, not to yawn, to notice everything that is happening on the sea and on the shore. Learn flag alphabet, and Morse code, and flag semaphore.